The Ukraine’s foreign trade potential in the sphere of high-technological products
UKRAINE’S
FOREIGN TRADE POTENTIAL IN THE SPHERE OF HIGH-TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
Kholyavko
K.O., Kalach H.M.
The theoretical foundations of the
concept of ''foreign trade’s potential in the sphere of high-technological
products”, the commodity and geographical structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade
in the sphere of high-technological products and issues related to the
formation of the external trade priorities in the country were researched. A
share of foreign trade of high-technological products in total volume of trade
of Ukraine and а
specific weight of Ukraine in world’s trade in hightechnological
products was determined. The directions of state foreign policy, taking into
account international experience, were designated as a component of the
country’s further development.
Keywords: foreign
trade’s potential, Ukraine’s foreign trade in the sphere of high-technological
goods, commodity trade structure, geographical trade structure, the strategy of
development of high-technological industries.
Досліджено теоретичні
основи
поняття
«зовнішньоторговельний
потенціал
у
сфері
високотехнологічної
продукції»,
товарна
й
географічна
структури
зовнішньої
торгівлі
України
високотехнологічними
товарами
та
питання,
пов’язані
із
формуванням
зовнішньоторговельних
пріоритетів
у
державі.
Виокремлено
частку зовнішньої торгівлі високотехнологічною продукцією у загальному обсязі
торгівлі України та питому вагу України у світовій торгівлі високотехнологічною
продукцією. Окреслені напрями реалізації державної зовнішньоторговельної
політики з урахуванням світового досвіду як складової подальшого розвитку
країни.
Ключові слова: зовнішньоторговельний
потенціал, зовнішня торгівля України високотехнологічними товарами, товарна
структура торгівлі, географічна структура торгівлі, стратегія розвитку
високотехнологічних галузей. potential foreign
trade technological
Исследованы теоретические основы понятия
«внешнеторговый потенциал в сфере высокотехнологичной продукции», товарная и
географическая структуры внешней торговли Украины
высокотехнологичными товарами и вопросы,
связанные с формированием внешнеторговых приоритетов в государстве. Выделено
долю внешней торговли высокотехнологичной продукцией в общем объёме торговли
Украины и удельный вес Украины в мировой торговле высокотехнологичной
продукцией. Обозначены направления реализации государственной внешнеторговой
политики с учетом мирового опыта как составляющей дальнейшего развития страны.
Ключевые слова: внешнеторговый
потенциал, внешняя торговля Украины высокотехнологичными товарами, товарная
структура торговли, географическая структура торговли, стратегия развития
высокотехнологичных отраслей.
Statement of the problem. In
today’s globalized world every country, to develop steadily, has lead the
innovations and has entered the market with competitive products. A necessary
condition for this release is production and selling of high-technological
products. The importance of trade of high-technological products is increasing
for the highly developed and developing countries, including Ukraine. Thus,
today the determining of potential of Ukraine in the field of hightechnological
exports and directions for its implementation is actual.opened are issues,
related to increasing the scope and improving the structure of Ukraine’s
foreign trade in the sphere of high-technological products that require further
research in the context of the realization of the Ukraine’s foreign trade
potential. The depth analysis of the features of Ukraine’s foreign trade in the
sphere of high-technological goods and state foreign trade policy remains
relevant.
Analysis of recent research and
publications. The study of high-technology
development in Ukraine in the context of foreign trade in the sphere of hightechnological
goods realized such Ukrainian scientists, as: M. Bondarenko, I. Hrinko, I.
Dmytriv, K. Zhylenkova, O. Zubko, V. Matvyeyeva, T. Melnik, I. Sydorchuk, T.
Sheremet, N. Yaremchuk etc. Every year this issue is more actualized through
the active spreading of high technology in the world.
The purpose of the article. The
purpose of the article is the research and analysis of scope of Ukraine’s
foreign trade in the sphere of high-technological products in the context of
globalization and its role in increasing the competitiveness of the national
economy in the world by focusing on innovative priorities of economic
development.
Main part. For
the determination of the concept "foreign trade potential in the sphere of
high-technological products" there should be distinguished the definitions
of its components. Thus, the foreign trade potential is a reflection of the
ability of the national economy to realization of foreign trade activity, it
serves the material basis for its effectuation, reflects the effectiveness of
using available resources and other components of aggregate economic potential
of the national economy in the process of realization these activities and the
results of foreign trade development as a structural element of the national
economy and an important aspect of international competitiveness of the country
[1, p. 55]. And according to the Law of Ukraine "About the State complex
program of development of high technologies", hightechnological
products are the products manufactured by domestic enterprises, using high
technologies, which are competitive with the best samples of the similar
products of foreign production [2]. Therefore, the term "foreign trade
potential in the sphere of high-technological products" should be
interpreted as the ability of the national economy to the effectuation of
foreign trade activity that is based on production and realization of products
by using high technologies, and that is a component of the of the national
economy in the world.institutional prerequisites of development of Ukraine’s
foreign trade in the sphere of high-technological innovative products are
created by the subjects of innovation activity, the fundamental basis of which
is constituted by the technoparks, the venture funds, the high-technological
innovative enterprises, the centers of commercialization of intellectual
property, the innovation centers, the businessincubators,
the project construction organizations, the scientific implementation companies
etc. [3, p. 182] and opportunistic factors. The latter include those factors that
create conditions for strengthening the business activity of Ukrainian
producers on the international market. They are divided into three groups:
- qualitative
(the stable political environment; developed technological infrastructure, the
availability of demand for the results of scientific research);
- innovative
(the research potential of a country, the innovation activity of enterprises,
the educational level of the population);
macroeconomic (the exchange rate,
the inflation rate etc.) [4].Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development developed the classifier, according to which high-technological
goods are divided into: aerospace products, computer and office equipment,
electronics and telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments,
electrical machinery and equipment, chemical products, non-electrical machinery
and equipment [5].Ukraine high-technological products (further - HTP) are
classified as: the products of inorganic chemicals; the organic chemicals;
nuclear reactors and boilers; electric cars; optical, photographic apparatus
and instruments; aircrafts; non-electrical machinery and equipment.2015 the
Ukraine’s foreign trade balance in the sphere of HTP amounted 16.40 million
USD, that equaled 21.68% of the Ukraine’s foreign trade balance in goods (in
2015 was 75.64 million USD ).dynamics of the Ukraine’s foreign trade
in the sphere of HTP is shown in figure 1 [6].
Fig. 1 The dynamics of the Ukraine’s
foreign trade in the sphere of HTP for 2011-2015, million USD4 [6]to
Fig. 1, for a certain period there is a negative tendency in Ukraine’s foreign
trade development of HTP, but the foreign trade net, although is negative, has
positive dynamics (growth by 7.1% compared to 2011). It should also be noted
that for 2011-2015 import of HTP was 2 times higher than its exports [6].share
of export and import of HTP in total Ukraine’s export and import of goods is
reflected in Fig. 2 [6].
Fig. 2 The share of export and
import of HTP in total Ukraine’s export and import of goods, %1 [6]
According to Fig. 2, the share of HTP in total trade also decreased over the
last 2 years and in 2015 accounted for 15.1% of exports and 28.4% of imports
volume of export, import and trade
balance of Ukraine in the sphere of HTP is demonstrated in Table 1.
1dynamics of changes of foreign
trade balance of HTP in the groups for the period 2011-2015, million USD5
[6]
Group of HTP
|
EXPORT OF HTP
|
IMPORT OF HTP
|
NET OF HTP
|
YEAR
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
inorganic chemicals
|
1,68
|
1,59
|
1,64
|
1,18
|
0,97
|
0,29
|
0,27
|
0,32
|
0,31
|
0,28
|
1,39
|
1,32
|
1,32
|
0,87
|
0,69
|
organic chemicals
|
0,65
|
0,40
|
0,23
|
0,15
|
0,07
|
0,94
|
0,92
|
0,76
|
0,71
|
0,57
|
-0,29
|
-0,53
|
-0,56
|
-0,50
|
pharmaceuticals
|
0,19
|
0,24
|
0,25
|
0,26
|
0,16
|
2,87
|
3,30
|
3,09
|
2,47
|
1,37
|
-2,68
|
-3,06
|
-2,84
|
-2,21
|
-1,21
|
nuclear reactors and boilers
|
3,49
|
3,70
|
3,73
|
2,98
|
1,96
|
6,95
|
7,15
|
6,81
|
4,91
|
3,58
|
-3,46
|
-3,45
|
-3,08
|
-1,93
|
-1,62
|
electric cars
|
3,14
|
3,17
|
3,09
|
2,68
|
1,98
|
4,84
|
5,78
|
5,04
|
3,81
|
2,70
|
-1,70
|
-2,61
|
-1,95
|
-1,13
|
-0,72
|
optical, photographic apparatus and
instruments
|
0,28
|
0,29
|
0,29
|
0,23
|
0,16
|
1,00
|
1,17
|
1,04
|
0,65
|
0,45
|
-0,72
|
-0,88
|
-0,75
|
-0,42
|
-0,29
|
aircrafts
|
0,32
|
0,92
|
0,25
|
0,19
|
0,07
|
0,09
|
0,05
|
0,05
|
0,05
|
0,25
|
0,83
|
0,26
|
0,20
|
0,14
|
non-electrical machinery and equipment
|
0,68
|
0,76
|
0,51
|
0,39
|
0,28
|
5,47
|
6,08
|
5,46
|
2,48
|
1,65
|
-4,79
|
-5,32
|
-4,95
|
-2,09
|
-1,37
|
TOTAL
|
10,43
|
11,07
|
10,05
|
8,12
|
5,77
|
22,43
|
24,76
|
22,57
|
15,39
|
10,65
|
-12,00
|
-13,69
|
-12,52
|
-7,27
|
-4,88
|
According to the table, during the
period of 2011-2015 Ukraine was exporting a large number of nuclear reactors,
boilers and electrical machinery, which decreased from 2011 almost in 1.5
times. The largest share of import was made by nuclear reactors and boilers
(3,58 million USD), electrical machinery (2,7 million USD) and non-electrical
equipment, import of which reduced from 2011 in 5 times.2015 there was a
positive net of foreign trade in the sphere of HTP in the group of inorganic
chemistry (+ 0.69 million USD) and aircrafts (+ 0.14 million USD). The most
negative net was for nuclear reactors and boilers.Ukraine industry has a large
share of the structure of gross domestic product and the structure of foreign
trade, so it is necessary to determine the share of export of HTP of Ukraine’s
total industrial export for the period 2010-2014 (Fig. 3) [7].accordance with
these data, there is a visible dynamics of growth of export’s share of HTP from
Ukraine’s total industrial exports more than 1.5 times (from 4.37% in 2010 to
6.51% in 2014). This is explained by the modernization of the industry and the
focusing on global innovative trends.
. 3 The share of
HTP from Ukraine’s total industrial export, % [7]
Excluding the temporarily
occupied territory of Crimea, Sevastopol and the zone of ATO
The share of Ukraine’s export of HTP
in the industrial export of country in the world in 2015 is shown in Fig. 4
[7].
Fig. 4 The share of export of HTP
from total industrial export of the country in 2015, % [7]
share of Ukraine’s export of HTP
from the total industrial export of the country in 2015 was 6,51%. Due to the
presence of high innovation potential in Ukraine, it can have very high share
in the total world exports of HTP and in the future become a strong
competitor.share of some countries in total world exports of HTP is
demonstrated in Table 2 [7].
Table 2share of some countries in
the world exports of HTP for the period 2010-2014, % [7]
'ч\ Country
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year \
|
China
|
USA
|
Germany
|
Japan
|
Singapore
|
Ukraine
|
2010
|
22,85
|
8,20
|
8,91
|
6,86
|
7,13
|
0,08
|
2011
|
23,56
|
7,51
|
6,52
|
6,52
|
0,10
|
2012
|
25,29
|
7,42
|
9,36
|
6,17
|
6,42
|
0,13
|
2013
|
26,54
|
7,04
|
9,18
|
4,98
|
6,43
|
0,10
|
2014
|
25,98
|
7,72
|
9,29
|
4,70
|
6,39
|
0,09
|
In keeping with the date in table,
the leading position is taken by China with a share of almost 26% in 2014, then
go Germany - 9.29% and the USA - 7.72%. The share of Ukraine in the world
exports of HTP in return is almost 1%.are many factors which in general affect
the development of high technologies in Ukraine and foreign trade of
high-technological goods, especially, the creation and using of new
technologies, the conducting Research & Development.and negative factors
are distinguished in Table 3 [8, p. 36].
3factors of development of HTP and
high technologies in Ukraine6 [8, p. 36]
Positive factors of influence
|
Negative factors of influence
|
|
1) The highly qualified staff
|
1) The "Brain drain"
|
|
2) The high quality of education and the high
quantity of innovation
|
2) The unstable political and economic
situation in Ukraine
|
|
3) The realization of innovative and
investment projects with state participation, public-private cooperation
|
3) Imperfect legislation as to the protection
of intellectual property, taxation of investors and entrepreneurs who engaged
in innovation activity
|
|
|
4) Using the system of crediting and
compensation of expenses of enterprises that use the innovation
|
4) Ineffective industrial structure of
production and imperfect development of innovation infrastructure
|
|
5) The implementation of strategy of country’s
innovative development
|
5) Reducing R&D expenditure, the
limitations of public funding
|
|
6) A high innovation potential
|
6) Inflationary pressure
|
|
7) The attraction of foreign investment and
the experience of other countries
|
7) The lack of social guarantees for
researchers and innovative enterprises
|
|
|
|
|
|
important role in the development of
high-technological products in Ukraine plays the taking into account the
experience of other countries, namely: the cooperation between the scientific
sector and the business sector for implementation the technological solutions
(Poland); the supporting of development of venture projects by stimulating the
creation of venture firms and research centers, the special laboratories of
large industrial corporations and the free preferential subsidization these
subjects of innovation activity, that allows to develop venture business (the
USA); providing the targeted free grants to enterprises, that master the new
technology; granting the concessional loans to firms (annual sales of which do
not exceed 300 million euros) that invest money in the modernization of
enterprises, in the development of new products and, also, in the measures of
rational using of energy, dotations in high technology enterprises (Germany)
[9]; providing, premium inventors and concessional loans to enterprises that
conduct innovative activity (Japan); providing the subsidies to firms, that use
R&D (France); the interest-free loans for implementation of innovation by
companies (Sweden) [10] and so on.order to increase the effectiveness of
innovation, the government developed a strategy of high-technological
industries’ development by 2025, which identifies the key high-technological
directions for Ukraine, namely the development of information and communication
technologies (further - ICT); use of ICT in agriculture, energy, transport and
in different branches of industries; the hightechnological
engineering; creating new materials; the development of pharmaceutical and
bioengineering industry. In accordance with the strategy, at the national level
it is necessary to develop a system of tax breaks from investments in research
and development; to promote technological innovation through increasing
economic openness; to promote the development of venture capital funds; to
improve the system of state orders etc. [10].important event was that the
economic part of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European
Union took effect, in which it provides full support of innovative enterprises
through compliance with European standards. This will allow the high-technological
production to become one of the priorities in the development of new
technologies in Ukraine [11].
Conclusions
To sum up, Ukraine's foreign trade
in the sphere of hightechnological
products is, on the one hand, very promising and profitable and, on the other
hand is financially weak. The branches of heavy industry and precision
engineering, such as: the production of nuclear reactors and boilers,
electrical machinery and optical devices need the greatest state support.
Therefore, to encourage its development and the development of innovation
activity in the country it is also needed to follow the state innovation
development strategy in terms of providing support and preferences and
privileges for creation and implementation of new technologies; to implement
programs of scientific and technical activities; to attract foreign investment;
to improve the regulatory framework; to form the mechanism of coordination of
scientific and technological activities etc.the help of right public policy, Ukraine
will be able to expand foreign trade in the sphere of high-technological goods
considering the priorities of development for outlined competitive sectors of
economic activity and eliminate the negative deterrent factors of development,
that will cause increasing the scale of trade and growing the export potential
of the country.
References
1. Матвєєва
В.Ю. Зовнішньоторговельний потенціал національної економіки: теорія,
методологія, управління / В.Ю. Матвєєва // Вісник ДонНУЕТ. Сер.: Економічні науки.
Донецьк: ДонНУЕТ, 2010. № 3(47). С. 52-63 [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: <http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/old_jm/Soc_Gum/Vdnuet/econ/2010_3/Matveeva.pdf>.
2. Закон
України від 09.04.2004 № 1676-IV [Електронний ресурс]. Режим
доступу: <http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1676-15>.
3. Мельник
Т.М. Зовнішня торгівля високотехнологічними товарами: інституціональний вимір /
Т.М. Мельник, О.В. Зубко // Маркетинг і менеджмент інновацій, 2012. № 2. С.
181-190 [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: mimi_2012_2_22.pdf.
4. Шеремет
Т.Г. Тенденції зовнішньої торгівлі України високотехнологічною продукцією під
впливом кон’юнктуротворчих факторів / Т.Г. Шеремет, К.Є. Жиленкова // Торгівля
та ринок України, 2011. Випуск 31 [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: <http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/old_jrn/Soc_Gum/Tiru/2011_31_1/Sheremet.pdf>.
5. Грінько
І. М. Аналіз зовнішньої торгівлі високотехнологічними товарами України / І. М.
Грінько, Н. Т. Яремчук // Науковий вісник УжНУ. Ужгород: «Гельветика», 2016.
Вип. 6 (3). С. 171-174 [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: http://www.visnyk-econom.uzhnu.uz.ua/archive/6_3_2016ua/44.pdf.
6. Державна
служба статистики України [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: <http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/>.
7. The
share of some countries in the world exports of high-technological products
[Electronic resource]. Access:
<http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.TECH.CD?view=chart>.
8. Бондаренко М.І.
Фактори впливу на інноваційний розвиток промислових підприємств
/ М.І.
Бондаренко,
І.П.
Сидорчук
// Вісник ХНУ
№3, Том
1, 2014 (212). с.
35-37 [Електронний ресурс].
Режим
доступу: http://elar.khnu.km.ua/jspш/Ыtstream/123456789/3291/1/БОНДАРЕНКО.pdf.
9. Дмитрів
В.І.
Світовий
досвід
фінансового
регулювання
інвестиційно-
інноваційної
діяльності
/ В.І.
Дмитрів
// Ефективна
економіка,
2014. №4
Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: http:
/ /www.economy.
nayka.com.ua/?op=1&z=3214.
10. Стратегія
розвитку високотехнологічних галузей до 2025 року [Електронний ресурс]. Режим
доступу: <http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/NT2352.html>.
11. Угода
про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу:
http://eeas. europa.eu/delegations/ukraine/ eu_ukraine/ as
sociation_agreement/index_e n.ht.