Їзмаїльський історичний музей О.В. Суворова
Їзмаїльський історичний музей О.В. Суворова
Їзмаїльський історичний музей О.В. Суворова по
праву називають символом нашого міста.
Музей розташований у центральній частині
Ізмаїла у будинку, що є пам’ятником історії та архітектури ХІХ ст. Першими
мешканцями будинку у 1899 р. була родина міського голови І.І. Авраамова, який
керував містом з 1909 по 1911 рр.
Ізмаїльський музей О.В. Суворова був
заснований та відкритий у післявоєнний час, в 1947 р., і сьогодні є одним з
п’яти суворовських музеїв, що діють на пострадянському просторі. З 2004 р. музей
закрито на капітальний ремонт. Всі ці роки наукові співробітники спільно з
народним художником України А.В. Гайдамакою працюють над створенням нової експозиції
в контексті сучасної історії України.
Відділом музею є діорама “Штурм фортеці Ізмаїл
російськими військами та українськими козаками під командуванням О.В. Суворова
11 (22) грудня 1790 р. ”. Діорама була відкрита 9 травня 1973 р. у турецькій
мечеті XVI ст. - пам’ятнику
національного значення, який є одним з небагатьох унікальних зразків турецької
архітектури періоду її розквіту, що збереглися на території України. Автори
діорами - народні художники Росії з Московської воєнної студії ім. М.Б. Грекова
Є.І. Данілевський та В.М. Сибірський.
На полотні розміром 8 х 20 м. художники
відобразили вирішальний момент штурму фортеці Ізмаїл, який відбувся у період
російсько-турецької війни 1789-1791 рр.
Ізмаїльський історичний музей О.В. Суворова за
багатством фондових колекцій займає значне місце серед музеїв Одеського регіону.
Зібрання музею налічує 34 тисячі предметів.
Особливість та специфіку музею відображають
унікальні колекції обмундирування і спорядження російської та
західно-європейських армій, холодна та вогнепальна зброя XVI - XX ст., знамена російської і турецької армій XVIII - XIX ст., живопис, графіка, нумізматика,
рідкісні книги.
Музей володіє і солідними колекціями іншого
характеру: археологічною, етнографічною, а також документами та матеріалами з
історії міста Ізмаїл та Придунайського краю.
Діяльність музею охоплює широке коло питань
вітчизняної історії і, безпосередньо, військової історії з давніх часів до
наших днів.
Кілька разів на рік в приміщенні діорами з
фондів музею відкриваються виставки широкого тематичного спектру.
Особливою гордістю музею є щорічні наукові
конференції “Суворовські читання", за матеріалами яких видаються збірники.
Сьогодні у музеї працює високопрофесійний
колектив наукових співробітників, надзвичайно захоплених своєю справою:
директор музею - Гончаренко Лариса Федорівна;
головний зберігач фондів - Атанасова Раїса
Іванівна;
старший науковий співробітник - Панкова Ольга
Петрівна;
наукові співробітники - Іванова Тетяна
Василівна, Печенко Марія Володимирівна, Новикова Тетяна Миколаївна;
молодший науковий співробітник - Васильєва
Ганна Дмитрівна.
Багато із співробітників беруть участь в
міжнародних конференціях, що проходять на базі провідних музеїв України, Росії
та Білорусі.
Ізмаїльський історичний музей О.В. Суворова
був нагорождений пам’ятною ювілейною медаллю “10 років незалежності України",
знаком та почесною грамотою Кабінету Міністрів України.
Музей користується великою популярністю. Він
входить до туристичного маршруту півдня України, Одещини, а також у міжнародний
круїз по Дунаю “Від Альп до Чорного моря”. За роки існування тут побувало більш
ніж 5 млн. чоловік.
He came of a very old Russian noble family.
One of his ancestors was Mikhail Ivanovich Suvorov that served in the Russian
Army during the reign of Tsar Ioann (Ivan) the IV-th (the Terrible). His father
Vasily Suvorov was a batman of Tsar Peter the Great and his Aide-de-Camp in
real.
By order of Tsar Peter he translated into
Russian the book by famous French engineer Vauban that was published in St. Petersburg
uner the title "The Methods of City Fortifying". After the death of
Peter the Great Vasily Suvorov was transferred to the Leib-Guards Semenovsky
regiment that was located in Moscow from 1728. Afterwards he became a member of
the Russian Senate. Also he was the author of the first Russian military
dictionary. He began to teach his son Alexander the principles of Artillery,
Fortification, Military History from the very young age.
In 1742 Alexander Suvorov was enlisted to
the Leib-Guards Semenovsky regiment as a private of musketeers (in excess of
the staff and without salary).
Suvorov's active military service began in
1748.
In 1754 he got his first officer rank - lieutenant
and was appointed to the Ingermanlandsky Infantry regiment.
In 1756 - 1763 he served in the Military
Board in the rank of Premier-Major.
The Seven Years War
Suvorov got his baptism of fire in the
Seven Years War of 1756-1763. In the beginning of this war he was in the rear
in commissariat service. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and
transferred to the Kazansky Infantry regiment.
In 1759 Suvorov became an officer of the
Russian Army General Headquarters and got the post of "general and
division officer of the day".
Several times Suvorov distinguished himself
in reconnaissance actions. He took part in the battle of Kunersdorf with the
Prussian Army and in the capture of Berlin by Russian troops.
In the very young age Suvorov displayed his
talent for command and abilities to lead the soldiers into battle.
In 1761 Suvorov already commanded a
detached force that helped General Rumyantsev's Corps to capture the port city
and fortress of Kolberg (Kolobrzeg) in Pomerania. Then he temporarily commanded
the Tverskoy Dragoon regiment that distinguished in Prince of Wurtemberg's
troops pursuit. After this for some time Suvorov commanded the Arkhangelorodsky
Dragoon regiment.
The Seven Years War gave the future great
Russian commander the rich military experience and he learned much about the
Russian Army military and moral potentialities.
In August of 1762 Colonel Suvorov became
the commander of the Astrakhansky Infantry regiment. Then from 1763 to 1769 he
commanded the Suzdalsky Infantry regiment that was billeted in New Ladoga. In
this period he wrote his well-known in the Russian Army "Regimental
Instructions" (or "Suzdal Regulations") that contained the main
rules and regulations of soldiers training and internal service and battle
training. Under Suvorov's command the Suzdalsky regiment very soon became one
of the best in the Russian Army.
In 1765 Empress Catherine the Great (the
Second) personally took part in the manoevres near the Krasnoe Village just
with the Suzdalsky regiment, and she especially distinguished the soldiers
under the command of Suvorov.
On September,22,1768 Suvorov was promoted
to the rank of brigadier.
The First Polish Campaign
In 1768 - 1772 in the period of the first
division of Poland Suvorov with the Suzdalsky regiment took part in the
military actions in Poland fighting against the troops of the Polish
Confederation. The Confederats fought against Polish King Stanislav Poniatovsky
that was supported by Russia.
In this campaign Suvorov commanding a
brigade and separated detached troops made swift movements and gained many
victories often having much lesser troops than the Confederates. In 1770
Suvorov got the rank of Major-General.
The military operations in Poland made
Suvorov well-known in the Russian Army and Empress Catherine saw the future
Great Commander in him. Suvorov was rewarded with the St. George Order of 4-th
Class.
The First Catherinian Russian-Turkish War
After this Polish campaign in 1773 he was
transferred to the acting army at his own request. It was the time of the first
Catherinian Turkish war of 1768-1774. Major-General Suvorov was appointed to the
1-st Army of General-Field-Marshal Rumyantsev and got a detachment to command. With
this detachment he made two very successful raids to the Turkish territory and
defeated the big Turkish forces at Turtukay in 1773 (for this victory he was
rewarded with the St. George Order of Second Class at once passing Class 3).
In the battle of Kozludgi (on the teriitory
of modern Bulgaria, now this village is called "Suvorovo") on June,9,
1774 Lieutenant-General Suvurov smashed the Turkish army 40 thousand in number
under the command of Sultan's General Abdul-Rezak. This defeat made Turkey to
make the Kuchuk-Kinargi peace with Russia.
On September,26 some rebels commanders took
their tied up leader to Suvorov in Yaitsky village hoping to pay off by his
head. Suvorov made the first interrogation of the impostor and then conveyed
him to the town of Simbirsk. After a short time Pugachov was taken to Moscow
and executed there.
In 1776-1779 Lieutenant-General Suvorov
commanded the Russian forces in the Crimea and Kuban (a region in the Northern
Caucasus). In the Crimea he strengthened the defence of the Crimean coast line
in case of Turkish troops landing.
In 1782-1784 Suvorov commanded the detached
Kuban Corps in the Northern Caucasus and directed the Kuban frontier fortified
line building.
The Second Catherinian Russian-Turkish War
In 1786 Alexander Suvorov was promoted to
the rank of general (General-Anshef - the highest general rank in the Russian
army). He was appointed the commander of the Vladimir Division, then the St. Petersburg
and Kremenchug Divisions.
The second Catherinian Russian-Turkish war
of 1787-1791 began when Suvorov commanded the Kremenchug Division. And the star
of his military talent rose just in this war.
General Suvorov commanded the defence of
the Kherson-Kinburn region from the Southern Bug river to the Perekop neck (that
connects the Crimean Peninsula with the mainland). Turkish troops threatened
from the sea and the fortress Ochakov located across the estuary.
On October,1,1787 numerous Sultan's fleet
landed strong troops on the Kinburn spit, they at once began to fortify
themselves by lines of trenches. Suvorov attacked the Turks on the approaches
to the Kinburn fortress. At first the Russian troops could pressed back the
Turks to the end of the spit, but very soon they found themselves under the
strong fire of the Turkish ship artillery and had to retreat under the charge
of the new frsh Turkish forces. And at this moment Suvorov appeared in the
middle of Russian troops and could organize a new counter-attack. There was a
moment when Suvorov's life in danger: Suvorov was wounded and several
janizaries rushed to him, but he was saved by a brave Russian grenadier.
Grenadier Novikov rescues Suvorov in the battle on the
Kinburn spit
Wounded Suvorov stayed on the battle-field
and continued commanding his troops. The last reserves were committed to action
and the last stage of the battle began. The Turks were finally dislodged from
their fortifications and thrown down to the sea. In the end of the battle
Suvorov was wounded again - in the arm, but he did not leave the battle in
spite of all.
For this victory Suvorov was rewarded with
the Order of Saint Andrew First-Called.
Fokshani and Rimnik
The long siege of the huge Turkish fortress
Ochakov ended for Suvorov with the conflict between him and Empress Catherine's
all-powerful favourite Prince Potemkin. Suvorov insisted on the general assault
of the fortress in a very short time because during the very long siege the
Russian troops sustained heavy losses of illnesses. So as a result of this
conlict Suvorov took part only in some actions at the walls of Ochakov, but he
didn't participated in the general storm on December,17 and returned to the
Kinburn spit.
Next year Suvorov commanded a division in
Prince Repnin's army.
1789 became the year of two most well-known
Suvorov's victories: at Fokshani and at the river Rimnik. In the campaign of
1789 the main military operations were in the lower reaches of the river Danube
where Russian troops acted tohether with their allies Austrians under Prince
Coburg. Suvorov was sent there too to command troops of III Division. They were
to support the right wing of the Russian Army and act in contact with the
Austrians. Suvorov received reports about the moving of Osman-Pasha's army 30
thousand in number and hurried to the aid to the Austrian Corps located in
Adguda village. On July,21 near the Foksani village the Russian and Austians
under the common command of General Suvorov took the offensive, crushed the
enemy van-guard, attacked the fortified Turkish positions and dislodged them
from there after 10 hours of fighting. It was the complete defeat of
Osman-Pasha's army - they had only to escape away.
The battle at the river Rimnik happened on
September,11. Grand Visier Usuph-Pasha's army more than100 thousand in number
with 80 guns waged an attack upon the Austrian Corps under Prince Coburg
settled near Foksani village. Prince Coburg had only about 18 thousand men with
43 guns.
After getting known about this Suvorov with
his detachment of 7 thousand men came out of Birlad and marched about 100
kilometers for two and a half days and nights. The Russian Corps came to
Foksani earlier than the Turkish army.
Suvorov placed himself at the head of the
Allied Russian-Austrian forces, he found out that Turks stopped and camped in
four fortified places: near Tirgu-Kukuli village (about 15 thousand of
van-guard troops), in the forest near Kringlu-Meylor village (about 40 thousand),
near the town of Martinesti (about 45 thousand) and over the river Rimnik near
the village Oday. The Russian general decided to defeat the Grand Visier's army
separatedly in parts.
On September,11,1789 at daybreak the Allies
after making a night march of 14 kilometers suddenly attacked the Turkish camp
in Tirgu-Kukuli and captured it. The the Allies went to the forest camp in
Kringlu-Meylor and assaulted it.
Osman-Pasha sent his cavalry of many
thousands on attacking Allied troops, but all its attempts were repulsed by
rifle-volleys from Allied squares, and the camp in the forest was taken be
storm. Suvorov's troops pursued the enemy and captured the Turkish camp near
Martinesti with a swoop.
The next day the Allies took the last enemy
camp over the river Rimnik. Osman-Pasha with the remainer of his troops had to
escape away. The Turkish army losses in this battle were about 15 - 20 thousand
men, all artillery and the huge transport.
The battle at the river Rimnik came into
Military History as a brilliant example of complex troops manoeuvring on the
battle-field for the purpose of defeating the superior enemy in parts. The
victory was gained as Suvorov used to say "Not by number - but by skill".
For the victory at the river Rimnik General
Suvorov was rewarded with the Russian Empire highest military reward - the
Order of Saint Geogre of the I Class and the title "Graf Rimniksky" (Count
of Rimnik). And also the Austrian Emperor gave him the title of Count of the
Holy Roman Empire.
The Ismain garrison was 35 thousand men and
256 guns. The commandant of Ismail was one of the most skilled Turkish
commanders Aydos Mekhmet Pasha. The numerous Turkish Danube flotilla was based
near the fortress walls.russian troops (31 thousand men and more than 500 field
guns) blocked Ismail and tried to capture it twice but without any success.
When General Suvorov came to Ismail on
December,2,1790 after scouting he decided to take this strong fortress be a
swift attack. For the special training of soldiers Suvorov ordered to made in
steppe the earthen rampart that was like the Ismail one. The troops were
trained in secret at nights. In a very short time 70 big storm ladders and
about 3 thousand faseines were made.
Under Suvorov's plan Ismail was stormed by
9 assault columns, three of that were based on the island Chatal and landed to
the city from boats of the rowing flotilla. From dry land two groups of troops
under Lieutenant-Generals P. S. Potemkin and A. N. Samoylov and Major-General M.I.
Kutuzov attacked the fortress. Each column had its own reserves.
To avoid bloodshed Russian commander sent a
letter to Aydos Mekhmet Pasha with the demand to surrender the fortress, but he
refused decidedly.
On December,10,1790 Russian field and ship
artillery bombarded the fortress. Next day (December,11) at 3 a. m. the assault
columns began moving to their initial positions and at 5.30 a. m. the storm
began. The Russians could not began storm in surprise and the attacking troops
were met with strong artillery and rifle fire from the rampart. The Turks made
a sortie. This fighting was especially hard for Don Cossacks armed with
shortened lances.
After Russian troops had taken the fortress
wall a heated hand-to-hand fight developed on the streets of Ismail. All the
city was enveloped in flames. And at last after very hard and bloody battle
Ismail was captured at about 4 p. m.
The Turkish losses were 26 thousand killed
and 9 thousand wounded men, the Russian losses were 1815 killed and 2445
wounded men and the biggest losses were among officers because commanders went
in front of the assault columns. The winners captured 265 guns (large-caliber
in main), 42 river boats, 345 colours and bunchuks (Turkish standards).
The capture of Ismail brought Suvorov the
glory of a great Russian commander, but he did not get the Field-Marshal baton,
he got only the rank of colonel of the Leib-Guards Preobrazhensky regiment (in
Russia in was a very high rank, Empress Catherine II herself had the rank of
colonel of this Guards regiment too). The reason of this was Suvorov's terms
with Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky were very complicated. щодня
з 9.00 по 17.00.