National features of cuisine and table manners
Contents
Introduction
1. Chapter I. Various American cuisine
1.1 Hot dogs
1.2 Hamburgers
1.3 Doughnuts
1.4 Apple pie
1.5 Potato chips
1.6 Coca-Cola
1.7 Pop- Corn
2. Chapter II. Hospitality of Ukrainian
cuisine
2.1 Overview of Ukrainian cuisine history
2.2 Cuisines of Ukraine
2.3 Preparation methods of Ukrainian
cooking
2.4 Special equipment of
Ukrainian cooking
2.5 Ukrainian food traditions and
festivals
3. Chapter III. Table manners
Conclusion
References
Resume
INTRODUCTION
Have you ever stopped to really think about what you and your family eat
every day and why? Have you ever stopped to think what other people eat? In the
movie Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, there are two scenes in which the
two lead characters are offered meals from a different culture. One meal, meant
to break the ice, consisted of insects. The second meal was a lavish banquet
that featured such delicacies as roasted beetles, live snakes, eyeball soup,
and chilled monkey brains for dessert. Some cultures eat such things as vipers
and rattlesnakes, bush rats, dog meat, horsemeat, bats, animal heart, liver,
eyes, and insects of all sorts.
The manner in which food is selected, prepared, presented, and eaten
often differs by culture. Americans love beef, yet it is forbidden to Hindus,
while the forbidden food in the Moslem and Jewish cultures is normally pork,
eaten extensively by the Chinese and others. In large cosmopolitan cities,
restaurants often carter to diverse diets and offer “national” dishes to meet
varying cultural tastes. Feeding habits also differ, and the range goes from
hands to chopsticks to full sets of cutlery. Even when cultures use a utensil
such as fork, one can distinguish a European from an American by which hand
holds the implement. Subcultures, too, can be analyzed from this perspective,
such as the executive’s dining room, the soldier’s mess… or the ladies’ tea
room, and the vegetarian’s restaurant.
Often the differences among cultures in the foods they eat are related to
the differences in geography and local resources. People who live near water
(seas, lakes, and rivers) tend to eat more fish and crustaceans. People who
live in colder climates tend to eat heavier, fatty foods. However, with the
development of a global economy, food boundaries and differences are beginning
to dissipate: McDonalds is now on every continent except Antarctica, and tofu
and yoghurt are served all over the world. [5., 324]
The aim of the course paper is to identify two absolutely
different types of cuisines and to analyze the right behavior during the meal.
The subjects of the work are features of national cuisine and
table manners.
The object of the course paper is the wide range of dishes, the
comparison of Ukrainian and American cuisine and table manners.
The objectives of the course paper are as follows:
·
to compare the Ukrainian and American cuisine;
·
to study the wide range of dishes which were mentioned in the
course paper;
·
to review table manners;
·
to analyze recipes of different dishes;
·
to identify the origin of some meals.
While researching there
were used the following methods of investigation: analysis of books, magazines,
descriptive method and comparative analysis.
The structure of the
course paper is caused by the consistency of research. The course paper
consists of introduction, chapter I, chapter II, chapter III, conclusion,
references and resume.
Chapter I. Various
American cuisine
The popular view outside
the U.S.A. that Americans survive on cheeseburgers, Cokes and French fries is
as accurate as the American popular view that the British live on tea and
fish’n’chips, the Germans only on beer, bratwurst, and sauerkraut, and the French
on red wine and garlic.
This view comes from the
fact that much of what is advertised abroad as “American food” is a very pretty
flat, tasteless imitation. American beef, for example, comes from specially
grain-fed cattle, not from cows that are raised mainly for milk production. As
a result, American beef is tenderer and tastes better than what is usually
offered as an “American steak” in Europe. When sold abroad, the simple baked
potato that comes hot and whole in foil often lacks the most important element,
the famous Idaho potato. This has different texture and skin that comes from
the climate and soil in Idaho.
Even sometimes as basic
as barbecue sauces shows difference from many of the types found on supermarket
shelves overseas. A fine barbecue sauce from the Southside of Chicago has its
own fire and soul. The Texas has a competition each year for the hottest
barbecue sauce (the recipes are kept secret).
America has two strong
advantages when it comes to food. The first is that as the leading agriculture
nation, she has always been well supplied with fresh meats, fruits, and
vegetables in great variety at relatively low prices. This is one reason why
steak or beef roast is probably the most “typical” American food; it has always
been more available. But good Southern-fried chicken also has champions, as do
hickory-smoked or sugar-cured hams, turkey, fresh lobster, and other seafood
such as crabs or clams.
In a country with
widely different climates and many fruit and vegetable growing regions, such
items as fresh grapefruit, oranges, lemons, melons, cherries, peaches, or
broccoli, iceberg lettuce, avocados, and cranberries do not have to be
imported. This is one reason why fruit dishes and salads are so common. Family
vegetable gardens have been very popular, both as a hobby and as a way to save
money, from the days when most Americans were farmers. They also help to keep
fresh food on the table.
The second advantage
America has enjoyed is that immigrants have brought with them, and continue to
bring, the traditional foods of their countries and cultures. The variety of
foods and styles is simply amazing. Whether Armenian, Basque, Catalonian,
Creole, Danish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, traditional Jewish,
Latvian, Mexican, Vietnamese or what have you, these traditions are now also at
home in the U.S.A.
There seem to be four
trends in America at present, which are connected with foods and dining. First,
there has been a notable increase in the number of reasonably priced restaurants,
which offer specialty foods. These include those that specialize in many
varieties and types of pancakes, those that offer only fresh, baked breakfast
foods, and the many that are buffets or salad bars. Secondly, growing numbers
of Americans are more regularly going out to eat in restaurants. One reason is
that they are not many American women do not feel that their lives are best
spent in the kitchen. They would rather pay a professional chef and also enjoy
a good meal. At the same time, there is an increase in fine cooking as a hobby
for both men and women. For some two decades now, these have been popular
television series on all types and styles of cooking, and the increasing
popularity can easily be seen in the number of best-selling specialty cookbooks
and the number of stores that specialize in often-exotic cooking devices and
spices. [2., 52]
A third is that as a
result of nationwide health campaigns, Americans in general are eating a much
light diet. Cereals and grain foods, fruit and vegetables, fish and salads are
emphasized instead of heavy and sweet foods. Finally, there is the
international trend to “fast food” chains, which sell pizza, hamburgers,
Mexican foods, chicken, salads and sandwiches, seafoods and various ice creams.
While many Americans and many other people resent this trend and while, as many
are expected, restaurants also dislike it, many young, middle-aged, and old
people, both rich and poor, continue to buy and eat fast foods.
Hot Dogs
Tad Dorgan, a sports
cartoonist, gave the frankfurter its nickname in 1906. Munching on a frank at a
baseball game, he concluded that it resembled a dachshund’s body and put that
whimsy into a drawing, which he captioned “Hot dog”.
Sausages go all the way
back to ancient Babylon, but the hot dog was brought to the U.S.A. shortly
before the Civil War by a real Frankfurter – Charles Feltman, a native of
Frankfurt, Germany, who opened a stand in New York and sold grilled sausages on
warmed rolls – first for a dime apiece, later, a nickel.
The frank appealed to
busy Americans, who – as an early 19th century comment put it – tend
to live by the maxim of “gobble, gulp and go”. Nowadays Americans consume more
than 12 billion frankfurters a year.
Hamburgers
Modern hamburgers on a
bun were first served at the St. Louis Fair in 1904, but Americans really began
eating them in quantity in the 1920s, when the White Castle snack bar chain
featured a small, square patty at a very low price. Chopped beef, tasty and
easily prepared, quickly caught on as family fare, and today hamburger stands,
drive-ins, and burger chains offer Americans their favorite hot sandwich at
every turn.
The history of the
hamburger dates back to medieval Europe. Early German sailors brought a Tartar
dish of shredded raw beef seasoned with salt and onion juice from Russia to
Germany. The lightly broiled German chopped-beef cake, with pickles and
pumpernickel on the side, was introduced to America in the early 1800s by
German immigrants in the Midwest. [4., 67]
Doughnuts
It was early Dutch
settlers and the Pennsylvania Germans who introduced the yeasty, deep-fried
doughnut to America. To the Dutch it was a festive food, eaten for breakfast on
Shrove Sunday.
Legend has it that
doughnut got its hole in 1847 when Hanson Gregory, a lad later to become a sea
captain, complained to his mother that her fried cakes were raw in the center
and poked hole4s in the next batch before they were cooked.
During World War I, when
the Salvation Army served them to the troops, doughnuts really took off as
popular fare. Since then, coffee and doughnuts become a national institution.
Stores sell them plain, sugared, frosted, honey-dipped, or jam-filled.
Apple pie
At its best, with a
savory filling and crisp, light-brown crust, apple pie has long been favorite
on American tables.
Apples and apple seems
were among the precious supplies the early colonists brought to the New World.
The first large apple orchards were planted near Boston by William Blaxton in
the 1600s. When he moved to Rhode Island in 1635, he developed the tart Rhode
Island Greening, still considered one of America’s finest apple pies.
As the fruit became
abundant, many settlers ate apple pie at every meal. Garnished with a chunk of
cheese, it was a favorite colonial breakfast dish. By the 18th
century apple pie became so popular that Yale College in New Haven served it
every night at supper for more than 100 years.
America’s love affair
with apple pie has remained constant. Today’s housewives, pressed for time, can
shortcut the tradition by buying the pastry ready-made at bakeries and
supermarkets. Many variations on the good old original are available, but the
classical apple pie, irresistible when topped with a slice of rat-trap cheese
or slathered with vanilla ice cream, is still America’s favorite. [4., 68-69]
Potato chips
George Crumb, an American
Indian who was the chef at Moon’s Lake House in Saratoga Springs, New York, in
the mid-19th century, was irked when a finicky dinner guest kept
sending back his French fried potatoes, complaining they were too thick. In
exasperation, Crumb shaved the potatoes into tissue-thin slice and deep-fried
them in oil. He had a dishful of crisp “Saratoga chips” presented to the guest,
who was delighted with the new treat.
Potato chips became the
specialty of Moon’s Lake House and, later, America’s crunchiest between-meal
snack.
Coca-Cola
America’s best-known
soft drink was first concocted by an Atlanta pharmacist in 1886. The syrup was
cooked up by John S. Pemberton from extracts of coca leaves and the kola nut.
He then organized the Pemberton Chemical Company, and Coca-Cola syrup mixed
with plain water was sold in a local drug store for 5 cents a glass.
Sales were slow until
in 1887 a prosperous Atlanta druggist, Asa G. Candler, bought the Coca-Cola
formula – then as now a carefully guarded secret – and added carbonate water to
the syrup instead of plain water.
Advertisement stressing
the words “delicious” and “refreshing” and carry coupons for free Coca-Cola
added to the increase in consumption. A system of independent local bottling
companies was developed, and the flared bottle, familiar worldwide and said to
resemble the hobble skirt, was designed in 1916.
In 1919 the company was
sold out for $25 million to a group headed by Ernest Woodruff. Under his son,
Robert W. Woodruff, Coca-Cola rapidly expanded its market. By the mid-1970s
more than 150 million Cokes a day were sold in country all over the world.
Today Coca-Cola has to
compete with many other soft drinks, but it is still one of the symbols of the
United States.
Pop- Corn
It’s impossible to
imagine American take-away food or snacks without popcorn. Clear as a day, it
is made from corn. But what about the first part of the word “pop”. Actually,
when you put a kernel of corn on a fire, the water inside makes the corn
explode. This makes a “pop” noise. That is why we call it popcorn. It’s an
interesting thing to know that not all corn pops. A seed of corn must contain
14% water in it. Other kinds of corn have less water and do not pop. The
American Indians, who popped corn a long time ago, knew that special sort. They
introduced corn to the first settlers. In 1620 when Pilgrims had a Thanksgiving
dinner they invited the Indians, who brought popcorn with them. Since that time
Americans continued to pop corn at home. But in 1945 a new machine was invented
that changed the history of the product. The electric machine enabled to pop
corn outside the home. And soon movies started selling popcorn to make more
money. The famous American habit of eating popcorn at the movies is well-
known. Many people like to put salt or melted butter in their popcorn, some
prepare to have it without. Either way Americans love their popcorn. [4., 69]
Restaurant “Friday’s”
Friday's is an international chain of
American cuisine restaurants. To date, there are more than 700 Friday's
restaurants located in 55 countries throughout the world.
Friday's is also famous for its
collection of bric-a-brac, which can tell many an intriguing story. Friday's
rare objects come from all over the world, and the restaurants act as
custodians of their stories.
Friday's success formula is
simplicity itself. The guest's wishes are commands for the staff; that's why
restaurants make every visitor feel at home. Friday's personnel are young,
energetic, friendly young men and women who have received their professional
education at the company's training center. The restaurants maintain at all
times a happy, friendly atmosphere beloved by guests.
But the main attraction here is
genuine American cuisine. It was Friday's that invented the recipe for loaded
potato skins, which has gone on to become not only the restaurant's hit, but
also a signature American dish. All drinks at Friday's are mixed according to
the most exacting recipes. The dishes startle with the size of servings. When
reading the menu, Friday's visitors quite often face the problem of what to
choose. The job is indeed far from an easy one. Judge for yourselves: Friday's
sauced mushrooms, coated and fried till crisp and crunchy; Friday's quesadilla,
a tortilla pancake with beef or chicken fillet; Fettuccine Alfredo, pasta
served with Cajun sauce; and Jack Daniel's glazed ribs, are just a few of the
most popular dishes. And there are also salads, sandwiches, Friday's signature
hamburgers, juicy steaks, Cajun recipes and chef's specials. To say nothing of
desserts and beverages! But truth be told, at Friday's you'll get help in
making your choice: the waiter will be only too happy to explain what this or
that dish is like. All you'll have to do is place your order.
At Friday's you'll always be
comfortable, well fed, and happy! [14.]
Sam’s Steak House
If you want to taste a real American
steak, you have to go to the Sam’s Steak House. The best selection of
steaks is there. You may peak your own steak and watch them cooked to
perfection by the frill chef.
Also there is an excellent choice of
Californian and European dishes,
exquisitely cooked seafood and classical desserts: Cheese cake, hot Apple pie.
This restaurant, arguably serving the best selection of steaks in the Ukraine,
is situated on the cross road at 37 Zhilyanskaya Str. Decorated in the
"New colonial" style, the light maple wood interior with green
highlights and red brick walls sets off the wooden American colonial period
furniture. The shelves holding period china, cupboards wherein are displayed
the restaurant's wines, matching green curtains and plethora of large
comfortable cushions completes the homely atmosphere. Situated in the main
dining hall is the impressive open grill flanked by the chilled meat display
cabinets. While you eat your meal watch sports events or fashion shows on the
TV's, or look for the numerous Kiev personalities such as Sports stars, DJ's
and pop singers who always go where the action is and the steak action is most
definitely right here in Sam's Steak House.
Veal, pork, lamb or salmon steaks of
any size (250g - 500g) are cooked in a unique way by the professional master of
grill. The meat that goes to cook the specialty of Sam’s Steak House has to
"mature" in carcasses for a long time - three to six weeks. The meat
loses nearly 30% of weight, but its taste becomes really special. Sam's steaks
are impressively large, both for ladies (300g - 350g) and gentlemen (450g -
500g). Especially popular with female customers is the soft lean veal Rump
Steak. Sommeliers recommend having Sam's Pork Chop with Chablis Grand Cru, and
Champion's Cut - (lamb steak) - with Gewurztraminer. [14.]
Chapter II. Hospitality of Ukrainian
cuisine
Overview of Ukrainian Cuisine History
The history of the Ukrainian
cuisine is long and tumultuous, and there were numerous outside elements that
influenced it profoundly. Until the 17th and 18th century, the Ukrainian
cuisine was mostly characterized by peasant and rural made dishes. Simple and
economical soups, without much ornament, and consistent yet very easy to cook
meals were the main parts of the Ukrainian diet. Things changed when the tsars
began calling French and Italian chefs to cook for their banquets and
celebrations. The luxury and festive style of the dishes prepared by foreign
chefs soon began to influence the existing Ukrainian cuisine. Although most
dishes were kept in their traditional form, modern variations of those dishes
are present in most Ukrainian homes today. New spices and herbs were used to
improve the flavor of the existing traditional Ukrainian dishes and today you
shouldn’t be surprised to find plants that are not characteristic to Ukraine
used in traditional, home made dishes. As for finding American food- the large
cities have specialist restaurants with Western cuisine for tourists, and these
are beginning to filter down into the medium sized cities. Small towns and
villages may not have any public food services at all, although grocery stores
and street markets are common.
Ukrainian cooking uses black
pepper, red pepper, salt, bay leaf, parsley and dill (usually in spring and
summer), garlic and onion. Staples include potatoes, cabbage, fish, pork, beef
and sausage. Ukrainian people eat many dishes made of potato. During the Soviet
era, there were chronic shortages of food. However, as Ukraine is an
agricultural country, today there is much meat in the market (beef, pork,
chickens, turkey) as well as cheese, butter, bread and milk. However, for some
items, notably cheese, prices are still very high. The core of the Ukrainian
cuisine originates in the peasant dishes based on grains and staple vegetables
like potatoes, cabbage, beets and mushrooms. Meat is an important ingredient in
most Ukrainian dishes, and it is prepared in different ways, either as stewed,
boiled, fried or smoked. Popular Ukrainian snacks include the varenyky and the
most appreciated traditional dish is pig fat – called salo. The fact that
Ukrainians preserve and age salo as one of their most prized national cuisine
elements should give you an idea about the overall style of the Ukrainian
cuisine – it is not a suitable one if your goal is to stay thin. Borscht
originated in Ukraine and it is the national soup – although bortsch is now an
international dish that is also very popular in surrounding regions, such as
parts of Russia and Romania. Ukrainian restaurants are not the number one place
to go when you are looking for a traditional Ukrainian meal – the best way to
experience the Ukrainian cuisine is at a home made meal. [6., 110]
Cuisines of Ukraine
There are no distinguishable
cuisine types in Ukraine, but a variety of different influences can be noticed
by a careful eye. The neighboring countries have influenced the Ukrainian
cuisine, much as the Ukrainian cuisine influences the regional and national
cuisines of the neighbors. The Lviv or Luts’k regions of Ukraine, for example,
display a cuisine that resembles the Polish cuisine, with pork meat being the main
ingredient for most dishes. The north-eastern provinces, such as Sumy, Kharkiv
or Luhans’k show influences from the Russian cuisine, while the southern part
of Ukraine has several recipes that are specific to Moldova and Romania.
Agriculture has always been used extensively in Ukraine and wheat, rye, oats
and millet were the main ingredients for any meal for centuries. Bread was and
still is one of the food elements that are never absent from a Ukrainian meal.
Bread is used with soup and the main course, although sometimes it may be left
aside if the dish contains potatoes or pasta. Bakery was also present since
immemorial times and all grain based food products used in the past are still
present today, in one form or another. Meat is yet another essential element in
the Ukrainian cuisine. Hunting was extremely popular in Ukraine and it ensured
a large proportion of the meat that Ukrainians consumed. Wild animal meat was
gradually replaced by farmed animal meat. Fish is also popular with a large
variety of dishes, and there are hundreds of fish species that are used in
delicious dishes.
Preparation methods of Ukrainian cooking
The simple and rustic cooking
style that characterizes a large percentage of the Ukrainian cuisine is also
complemented by modern dishes that are extravagant and unique, most of them
developed by international Ukrainian chefs. The Ukrainian cuisine uses elements
from various cooking traditions borrowed from their neighbors and developed
from their own traditional dishes. While there are no specific or unique
preparation methods for Ukrainian cooking, we should point out that attention
to detail is important in the Ukrainian cuisine. Each traditional dish has a
special cooking method, which is more or less general in all of the country’s
regions. Meat is one of the main elements of most Ukrainian dishes and cured
and smoked hams, poultry, pork and beef fillets, and bacons are often parts of
delicious dishes. Smoked fish as well as other fish meat types are widely
appreciated, and cooking styles may differ from highly specialized restaurant
cooking to simple, rustic cooking methods. Although the traditional cooking
styles for most Ukrainian dishes go back to hundreds, if not thousands of years
ago, today most cooking is quite similar to any western European cuisine. [6.,
112]
Special equipment of Ukrainian cooking
Here are a few of the
equipment items you might find in a Ukrainian kitchen: cake pans, can openers,
colanders, egg rings, poachers and holders, food dishers and portioners, food
pans and food containers to other kitchen utensils, such as food scales, food
scoops and fryer baskets and accessories. The Ukrainian cuisine needs a diverse
cooking equipment set in order to produce the most sophisticated Ukrainian
dishes, but the traditional recipes can be cooked with only a fire source and a
few pots and pans. Essential utensils like serving spoons, spatulas, forks, turners,
scrapers and tongs should also be part of your cooking “toolbox”, especially if
you are determined to make the most out of any meal you prepare and serve. Here
are a few other items that will come handy while cooking Ukrainian food:
juicers, kitchen knives, kitchen slicers, kitchen thermometers, measuring cups
and measuring spoons, miscellaneous utensils, mixing bowls and skimmers and
strainers. All of the enumerated items can and will be useful at some point,
but they are more likely to be specific to restaurants, rather than traditional
Ukrainian homes.
Ukrainian food traditions and festivals
Although most Ukrainian
festivals involve the culinary arts to a certain extent, Christmas is the most
predominant holiday where food plays an important role in the festivity.
Ukrainian Christmas customs are based not only on Christian traditions, but to
a great degree on those of the pre-Christian, pagan culture and religion. The
Ukrainian society was basically agrarian at that time and had developed an
appropriate pagan culture, elements of which have survived to this day. A
kolach (Christmas bread) is placed in the center of the table. This bread is braided
into a ring, and three such rings are placed one on top of the other, with a
candle in the center of the top one. The three rings symbolize the Trinity and
the circular form represents Eternity. Kutia is the most important food of the
entire Christmas Eve Supper, and is also called God’s Food. A jug of uzvar
(stewed fruits, which should contain twelve different fruits) and is called
God’s Drink, is also served. After all the preparations have been completed,
the father offers each member of the family a piece of bread dipped in honey,
which had been previously blessed in church. [9., 12]
Salo
This is a favorite Ukrainian
delicacy. We use it in many forms- uncooked and fried, smoked and salted, baked
and boiled. Also, we fry it, cook crackling and even eat it with honey!
Ukraine’s widespread fondness for
pork products results from its historical conflicts with two of its neighbors-
Tatars and Turks. Cattle were a much- prized spoil of war so they were often in
short supply, and bullocks, which were used to pull ploughs, were not exactly
edible. Pigs were both available and relatively delicious and tender, so pork
became a staple.
Borsch
A choice for First Dish is Borsch.
Although the word “borsch” is not translatable, it is famous all over the
world. It is difficult to imagine that there is a person on the planet who has
never eaten borsch! It is famous, popular and delicious- a must-do on
everyone’s list of dishes to experience.
So, what is this famous dish? How it
is cooked and what should it be eaten with? At firs glance, everything seems
simple. Sugar beets are the signature ingredient and borsch is a kind of beet
soup. But not everything is as simple as it looks. There are more than thirty
varieties of this dish in Ukraine alone, and other versions are prepared in
Russia, Poland and even in the United States! So, there are different types of
borsch- meat and meatless, hot and cold, with mushrooms, with kidney bean, with
prunes, with marrows, turnips, and even with apples! Meat borsch is also
varied- it may include beef or chicken. Some recipes recommend the addition of
mutton, or goose- grease, and sometimes ham or sausages.
The cooking process for borsch is
unique in that all ingredients, including the beets, are prepared separately!
Beets should be sprinkled with lemon juice or vinegar in order to preserve
their color and then they should be cut and roasted. Afterwards they are
peeled, diced and added to the borsch. In the beginning, onions, carrots,
parsley are fried together for 15 minutes and tomatoes (or tomato paste) is
added at the end. Other vegetables should be cooked separately. All ingredients
should be put in bit by bit, at the proper time and in the right order. Cooking
time for borsch is approximately 2- 3 hours. Let the flavors mingle for
20minutes before the borsch is served. Prepare to feel giddy when you lift the
lid from the saucepan- the aroma is truly delicious! A good accompaniment to
borsch is small buns flavored with garlic. This is a temptation you will not
want to resist! [9., 11]
Varenyky
Another favorite Ukrainian dish is
Varenyky. Great Hohol’ in his “Evenings on Khutor near Dikan’ka” described a
charming story about Kozak magician named Patsyuk who bewitched the varenyky,
so that they dove into the sour cream and then flew into the mouth! Such a
legendary reputation should alert you to the fact that these delicious
dumplings must be tried. Even better is the fact that there are unbelievable
numbers of recipes for the fillings. Pastry for varenyky should be prepared
with icy water. Varenyky cannot be frozen, unlike pelmeni or ravioli. Cooks
have unlimited possibilities for improvisation. Varenyky can be filled with
potato, cabbage, mushrooms, meat, liver, boiled buckwheat and cracklings,
kidney beans, or with cottage cheese, apples, plums or poppy- seeds. In summer
they are made with berries. Varenyky are served with sour cream; sweet varenyky
are served with syrup or honey.
Galushky
Sometimes varenyky and galushky are
hyphenated- galushky- varenyky, - but this is a mistake because galushky is a
dish which stands on its own! Even though it appears to be very simple, it is a
very tasty meal. Recipes for it have not changed for hundred of years and have
been passed down from one generation to another. Both galushky and varenyky should
be eaten hot only! This is a rule! Galushky can be made from different types of
flour- wheat flour, buckwheat flour, from manna- croup. It is also possible to
add cottage cheese, potato or apples to the pastry. They are boiled in either
water, milk, or broth. Galushky are served either with fried onions and
cracklings or sour cream.
Second dishes are meat, poultry,
fish, and of course, pork. Ukrainians also respect poultry, especially when it
is stewed; but chicken and goose are cooked more often as holiday dishes. Fish
is also popular in Ukraine. Even the names of popular fish dishes stimulate the
appetite- stuffed pike, stewed carp with onions and sour cream, pike with
horse- radish, jellied pike. It is very difficult to list everything!
Pork is a big winner. Huge numbers of
dishes are made from pork in Ukraine. It is fried, baked, stewed, goes into
sausages, and various delicacies are prepared with chopped and minced meat. But
the perennial party favorite is Pechenya (stewed meat). To say pechenya is just
stewed meat is to say nothing. Pechenya is tender, flavorful and fantastic.
Besides, the traditional way of preparing pechenya leaves a tremendous space
for every cook’s creativity. Although the cooking time for pechenya is long,
the outcome is worth it! [7., 4]
Uzvar
There are plenty of fruits and
berries in Ukraine! You can gather a luxurious harvest in every garden. This
remarkable harvest provides the basis of many desserts- varenyky, pyroghy,
knedlyks, jellied berries, fruit babkas, and jams. And also drinks- Uzvars. We
may say that uzvar is a kind of fruit compote, but it is really much richer and
more concentrated than fruit compote. It is delicious mixture of raisins,
prunes and spices- cinnamon, cloves, and dried citrus peel. [7., 5]
Cabbage rolls
A cabbage roll is a savory
food item made with a variety of fillings wrapped in cabbage. The filling
usually includes meat, often beef or pork, seasoned with onion, tomato paste,
salt, black pepper, and spices. Other fillings vary and may include mushrooms,
vegetables, sauerkraut, or rice. Other ingredients may also be used. The
filling is stuffed in cabbage leaves, which are tucked around it like an egg
roll. It is simmered or steamed in a covered pot until cooked, and is usually
eaten hot.
Cabbage rolls are part of the
traditional cuisine of many Central European, Eastern European, and Balkan
countries. They are known as holubki in both Czech and Slovak, halubcy in
Belarusian, golubtsy in Russian, holubtsi in Ukrainian. [7.,5]
Blyntsi
Blyntsi are thin pancakes
which are often served in connection with a religious rite or festival in
several cultures.
The word "blin"
comes from Old Slavic mlin, that means "to mill" (compare the
Ukrainian word for blin, mlynets’). Blins had a somewhat ritual significance for
early Slavic peoples in pre-Christian times since they were a symbol of the
sun, due to their round form. They were traditionally prepared at the end of
the winter to honor the rebirth of the new sun (Pancake week, or Maslenitsa).
This tradition was adopted by the Orthodox church and is carried on to the
present day. Bliny were once also served at wakes, to commemorate the recently
deceased.
Syrniki
In Ukrainian cuisine,
syrniki are fried curd fritters, garnished with sour cream, jam, honey, and/or
apple sauce. They can be filled with raisins. In Russia they are also known as
tvorozhniki.
Syrniki are made from the
full-fat, creamy cottage cheese, crumbled and mixed with flour, egg, milk, and
sugar and fried, generally in a flavorful unrefined sunflower oil. The outsides
become very crispy, and the center is warm and creamy.
The name "syrniki" is derived from
the word syr, meaning "cheese". [9., 11]
Solyanka
Solyanka
is a thick, spicy and sour soup in the Ukrainian cuisine. It may have
originated in Ukraine in the 17th century.
There
are mainly three different kinds of solyanka, with the main ingredient being
either meat, fish or mushrooms. All of them contain cucumber pickles with
brine, and often cabbage, salty mushrooms, cream and dill. The soup is prepared
by cooking the cucumbers with brine before adding the other ingredients of the
broth.
For meat
solyanka, ingredients like beef, ham, sausages, chicken breasts, and cabbage,
together with cucumber pickles, tomatoes, onions, olives, capers, allspice,
parsley, and dill are all cut fine and mingled with cream in a pot. The broth
is added, and all shortly heated in the stove, without boiling.
Fish solyanka
is prepared similarly, but soup vegetables are cooked with the broth. The meat
is replaced with fish, like sturgeon and salmon, and freshwater crayfish.
Finally, some lemon juice is added to the soup.
For mushroom solyanka, cut cabbage is heated in butter together with
vinegar, tomatoes, and cucumber pickles, with little brine. Separately,
mushrooms and onions are heated, and grated lemon skin is added. Cabbage and
mushrooms are put in layers, breadcrumbs and butter added, and all shortly
baked.
Kutia
Kutia is a sweet grain pudding, traditionally served in Polish,
Lithuanian and Ukrainian cultures. Kutia is often the first dish in the
traditional 12-dishes Christmas Eve Supper. It is rarely served at other times
of the year.
It
resembles koliva from Serbia or Romania (used usually for funerals), but the
latter is mixed only with walnuts, sugar and raisins.
Kutia
was also part of a common Eastern Orthodox tradition in the Russian Empire,
which has become extinct in Russia during the times of the atheistic Soviet
Union.
Traditionally
it was made of wheat, poppy seeds, honey (or sugar), various nuts and sometimes
raisins. In many recipes milk or cream was also used.
Nowadays
other ingredients (which were unavailable or just too expensive in earlier
centuries) like almonds and pieces of oranges are added. On the other hand, the
wheat grain, that is now relatively rarely available in the food stores in an
unrpocessed form, is sometimes replaced with barley or other similar grains.
[10.]
Restaurant
“O’Panas”
If
you want to taste Ukrainian cuisine you can go to the Restaurant “O’Panas”.
It is the best place for learning Ukrainian culture, traditions and life of
Ukrainian people. Comfortable small house with a roof made of straw, a real
tree, growing inside of the restaurant, and a special interior, presented in
the local country style, would bring guests to the old, kind and light- hearted
times.
There
you can taste such dishes as varenyky with potatoes, mushrooms and cracklings,
varenyky with cabbage and cracklings, deruny with home- made sausage, real
Ukrainian borsch with sour- cream and pampushki, pancakes with poppey seeds,
wall- nuts and honey and many other dishes. [10.]
Chapter
III Table manners
In
our time it is very important to be well- educated person. And also you should
keep some elementary rules while having meal. In our time to invite close
friends to the dinner or to be invited to the restaurant or to the café
by them is a usual thing. Despite of where you go with them it is very
important thing to keep table manners like this:
The
correct way to sit at table is to sit straight and close to the table. Don’t
put elbows on the table. Don’t cross your legs or spread them all over the
place uder the table.
If
you want to take a slice of bread you shouldn’t use fork or knife. Your hand is
quite correct for getting a slice of bread for yourself.
If
you want to take a slice of bread from the plate standing on the far end of the
table, just say: “Please pass the bread.” Or:”Would you mind passing the bread,
please?” Never lean across the table or over your neighbours to get something
out of you reach.
Don’t
hold your spoon in your fist, don’t tilt it so as to spill its contents. The
fork should be held in your left hand, the knife in your right.
It
is wrong to cut all the meat you have got on your plate in small pieces and
then eat it. Cut off a slice at time, eat it, then cut off another, holding
your knife in the right hand and your fork in the left.
You
shouldn’t use knife if you eat fish ( it is generally eaten without using
knife). The same refers to rissoles, cereal and, in general, to anything that
is soft enough to be comforatably eaten with fork or spoon.
The
way to eat chicken is to cut off and eat as much as possible by using your
knife and fork; the remaining part eat by holding the piece in your hand by the
end of the bone.
If
you eat stewed fruit with the stones, just take the stones from your mouth on
your spoon and place them in your own saucer. Never eat stones (trying to be
overpolite).
If
your food is too hot just waite a bit, there is no hurry. Never cool your food
by blowing at it.
To
refuse a second helping you should say: “No more, thank you.”
If
you like the dish very mush you should say: “It tastes (really) fine” or “It is
delicious.”
If
you dislike the dish you should say nothing. Keep your impressions to yourself
and don’t embarrass your hostess.
While
eating one shouldn’t produce as little noise or sound as possible. It is
decidedly manners to speak with your mouth full. Don’t put your bread in your
soup. Don’t pour your tea in your saucer. Don’ leave much on the plate: it is
impolite towards your hostess. If you liked the dish, it doesn’t follow that
you should polish the plate with your bread.
Reading
at one’s meals is a bad habit; it is bad for your digestion and impolite
towards others sitting at the same table. [1., 150-152]
CONCLUSION
Regardless of how you
view food, you need it to live. You need the right kinds of food in the right
amounts to have a healthy life. Your needs for different kinds of food change
as grow and mature. Everyone needs the three key nutrients that provide the body
with energy and the necessary building blocks: carbohydrates (sugar and
starch), fat, and protein. Unfortunately, in our world today, not every one has
access to all of these all the time. World hanger is a global problem that
needs to be addressed by all nations.
The right type and
kind of foods the body needs to grow, develop, and stay healthy are not known
by everyone. A good, daily, balanced diet is key to a healthy life. Do you have
a balanced diet? Do you know what you eat every day? Why do you think you eat
the foods you eat? Eating the right food everyday not only nourishes our
bodies, but it also nourishes our spirits, our creativity and thinking, and our
language and interaction with other people.
REFERENCES
1. Arakin. “Practice Course of English Language,”
6th ed., M.: Gumanit,
2003: pp. 150-152.
2. Bell. “English with a Smile,” Sigma-
Press, 1996: pp. 50-56.
3. Guzhva. “English Topics,” Pholio,
2003:pp. 115- 116, pp. 134-135.
4. Kaverina. “1000 English Topics,”
Moskow, 1996: pp. 67-72.
5. Shapran. “English Language. Part II,”
Millenium, 2003: pp. 324- 326.
6. Stechishin, Savella. “Traditional
Ukrainian Cookery,” 17th ed., Winnipeg: Trident Press, 1991: pp.
108- 115.
7. “What’s On,” No. 30/2003, 4- 10
September, pp. 4-6.
8. “What’s On,” No. 16/2005, 6-12 May,
pp. 8-10.
9. “Your Number. Special Edition,” No.
5/2005, 15-23 May, pp. 7-12.
10. www.cookery.com
11. www.google.com.ua/american
cuisine
12. www.wikipedia.org
13. www.yahoo.com/recepies
14. www.yahoo.com/ukrainian
cuisine
Резюме
«Національні
особливості кухні та манери за столом»
Курсова робота
присвячена темі особливостей національної кухні та манерам за столом.
Тема обумовила
мету, об’єкт, предмет та завдання дослідження.
Мета дослідження:
різноманітність американської кухні, гостинність та щедрість української кухні,
а також правила етикету за столом.
Об’єкт
дослідження: широкий вибір страв на всі смаки, порівняння української та
американської кухні, манери поведінки за столом.
Предметом
дослідження є два види кухні, які несхожі одна на одну і різняться за
асортиментом, смаком, традиціями та методами приготування страв.
У процесі
дослідження використовувались методи адекватні меті та завданням, а саме:
аналіз наукових джерел, описовий метод та порівняльний аналіз.
Структура
курсової роботи обумовлена логікою дослідження. Курсова робота складається зі
вступу, трьох розділів, висновків, списку використаної літератури та резюме
українською мовою.
У роботі було
розглянуто та проаналізовано різноманітність страв які належать до української та американської кухні.
Також курсова робота охоплює такий важливий аспект, як манери поведінки за
столом. Адже, в сучасному житті дуже важливо вміти поводити себе правильно, щоб
потім не було соромно ні перед людьми ні перед самим собою. Певна частина
роботи, яка присвячена манерам за столом є важливою.
Кожна країна має
свої звичаї, свої традиції, свою культуру. Наприклад, якщо в Америці їдять
яловичину, то в Індії їсти її суворо заборонено. Мусульманам і євреям
заборонено їсти свинину, хоча її їдять китайці і народи багатьох інших країн.
Часто різниця стравами які
їдять в тій чи іншій країні пов’язана з місцем розташуванням і природними
ресурсами в певній місцевості.