Cross-cultural management
RUSSIAN FEDERATION ministry of
educATION AND SCIENCEState Educational Budget Institution of Higher Education
"Saint-Petersburg State
University of Economics""higher school of economics and
management"of International Management
paper
"Cross-cultural management"
Fulfilled by Karen,group 5522Leader: of International
Management department(econ) Tatiana Y. Grishchenko
Petersburg 2013
Table of
contents
Introduction
1. About cross-cultural management
2. Differences in cross-cultural management
1. Cultural differences
2. Language differences
3. Temporary differences
4. Political conditions
5. Economic stability
6. Differences in methods of doing business
7. The difference in sales
8. Nationalism
9. Economic law
10. Taxes
3. The globalization of the world economy and the role
of cross - cultural relations in the management
4. Cross - cultural issues in International Management
Conclusion
Sources
Introduction
The behavior of animals, insects, birds is
programmed by system of instincts: they were by nature given installation as
well as that is how to survive how to twist nests when and where to fly etc. In
the person the system of instincts died away though researchers argue
concerning to what degree. That function which in the nature is carried out by
instincts, in human society the culture carries out. It gives to each
individual the approximate program of his life, defining thus a set of
options.mass of people lives with illusion that they chose the purpose of the
life, behavior model. Meanwhile when comparing life of people in different
cultures it is difficult to uniformity of a "free" choice not to be
surprised in one country and an era while the same need for other culture is
satisfied in absolutely other forms. The reason consists that the culture is
the Wednesday predetermining a choice of options of our behavior. As in water
the set of options of behavior of the same people differs from options of their
movement on a land, in a bog etc., and the culture dictates our
"free" choice. Each culture is a micro Universe. For functioning of
an individual the culture is very important. The culture strengthens solidarity
between people and promotes mutual understanding.choose this theme for my
scientific research "Cross-cultural management" because I consider
this subject actual in my profession in future. For each head, any organization
cooperates with foreign countries, it is very important to sign any contract or
to sign any agreements. How many the countries, are so much and the customs,
religion and so on.of my subject is explained by emergence of cross-cultural
problems in the international business - contradictions during the work in the
new social and cultural conditions caused by distinctions in stereotypes of
thinking between separate groups of people and need of ability of future
manager to understand these problems.
cultural cross management international
The purpose of my scientific research is studying
cross-cultural management and all that is connected with it.purposes of
scientific research:understand distinctions of cultures of the different
countries;of problems of the international management;show a role globalization
of world economy;consider cross-cultural the relations in management.of a
scientific research is: cross-country - culture.of a scientific research is:
cross-cultural management.research of a subject general scientific methods -
the analysis, comparison, generalization were used.
1.
About cross-cultural management
What cross-cultural management is, and on what it
can affect?a business community of the USA you won't understand if you aren't
able distinctly formulate mission of the company. In Japan - if your firm has
at least no five-year strategic plan. In many other countries there are
national features of management which it is useful for managers of the Russian
companies leaving or planning an exit to foreign markets to consider. It is
accepted to call them the general term "cross-cultural management".in
Russia crossing, interaction and collision of different cultures meets more
often than many heads realize it. Cross-cultural approach belongs to many
spheres of human activity, especially to business. Regional, socio - cultural
and national aspect in business and territorial features of management
gradually gain the importance in the Russian business society. The reason of
they are cross-cultural operating conditions of business: in domestic and world
economy there are the new mixed mechanisms of partnership based on
interpenetration and reunion of values, installations and standards of behavior
of various civilizations, cultures, subcultures, countercultures. In Russia
every year there are various representations of the international companies, and
the Russian business increases the activity abroad. It is important to note
that activity in cross-cultural conditions creates at the same time specific
opportunities and risks., the most typical areas of socio-economic activities
of business - organizations, where the intersection, the clash of different
cultures, are:of international and inter-regional business;interaction of
professional subcultures in business;of the company's values;with the external environment of the
company;;Resource Management;, job placement and career growth in the other
region, the country;interaction of cities and villages in Russia.competence in
the field of cross - cultural management of modern managers is necessary
because Doing Business in Russia has a lot of regional, local and territorial
characteristics. The Russian manager operates in a variety of internal (within
the country) and external cultures. Knowledge of their cultural identity, as
well as the specifics of the business culture of other ethnic groups, nationalities,
peoples, civilizations become enormously important, because it is more diverse
than the cultural field of business, the higher the reputational risks acute in
cross - cultural differences, communication barriers above, more critical
requirements for cross - cultural competence manager. Cross - cultural
management - a relatively new area of knowledge for Russia, it's management,
implemented at the intersection of cultures:level - control at the intersection
of national and regional cultures, micro-level - at the junction of regional,
age, professional, organizational, and other crops. Cross - cultural management
is aimed at achieving the following objectives Clients:
) assist in the management of business
relationships that arise in a multicultural environment, including the creation
of a tolerant interaction, successful communication, productive work
environment and profitable business at the intersection of different business
cultures;
) the regulation of cross-cultural conflicts in
the business environment;
) the development of cross - cultural competence
of business owners, managers, and staff.Russian society determines the
feasibility of the cross - cultural aspects of the business. Therefore, the
leaders and the international and regional businesses to develop appropriate in
matters of cross - cultural management and communication, and organizations -
to train staff in this area. The study of cross - cultural themes helps
managers to learn more about themselves, identify their cultural profile, to develop
cross - cultural competence, and thus avoid the risk of undesirable effects on
business, career and personal life, to become more successful.this chapter,
disclosed subject of cross - cultural management. Displaying a clash of
different cultures.head for a good development of the company needs to
understand what the management - and its differences.
2.
Differences in cross-cultural management
This chapter covers the cross - cultural
differences. They are: cultural, linguistic, temporal. As well, they are:
political conditions, economic stability, and the differences in the methods of
doing things, and the differences in marketing; nationalism commercial law,
taxes, risks of uncertainty. For each of them in detail in this chapter.
1.
Cultural differences
international management, there are many
problems. One of the most important - consideration of environmental factors.
It must be remembered that the external environment has always been aggressive
towards us. This problem is particularly relevant for companies looking to do
business abroad.environmental factors are interrelated. "The
interconnectedness of environmental factors - is the power level at which a
change in one factor affects the other factors. As well as a change in any of
the internal variable can affect the other, a change in one factor may cause
the change in the environment of others. "of the most important
environmental factors are cultural differences. Each culture was formed and
developed on its own. Any culture involves a complex set of values. Each value
generates a set of beliefs, expectations and customs, the totality of which is
called a system of values. In other words, every culture has its own system of
values. The differences between cultures are shown in the style of everyday
life, a mismatch at the power plants, the value of work, the role of women in
society, a willingness to take risks and even color preferences.is the system
of values has a direct impact on the communication, ways of doing things, the
possibility distribution of the goods or services offered by any particular
firm. However, no one knows what the values themselves in most cultures. It's
not easy to identify the values that are the foundation of most beliefs,
expectations and practices. But the study habits much easier. Therefore, before
starting work in another country managers should explore possible customs of
the target country, as well as the national language of the country, especially
of doing business and competition and accordingly change the behavior in
interpersonal contacts, and change the style and business practices and
leadership.
2.
Language differences
Language - the main component of culture, as well
as the most important means ofcommunication. When doing business abroad,
usually one of the most pressing problems is the problem of communication. Of
course, when doing business in another country representatives of the companies
use the services of interpreters. Yet it is difficult to work with
interpreters. First of all, the translators are familiar with the language, but
do not know the specific terminology. Similarly, there is a possibility that
you will not be sure that you know exactly what was said. And one more note -
the translation is always something lost, something might be mistranslated and
therefore misunderstood. In different countries, there may be a mismatch of
sign language when the same gestures have completely different meanings.ideal
situation would be training people from their country language of the target
country, because after that it will be better able to understand all the
subtleties and communication between the two countries. Being trained in his
native country in the native language and business practices, and in the target
country - the language of the country and its national circumstances, this
person will become a valuable resource for the work of the company in another
country.
3.
Temporary differences
factor also has a great influence on the activity
of the firm. First of all, it is possible that the target of the country and
the firm are separated by several time zones. This creates a big problem in
communication. The consequence of this is that the relationship should be
maintained with the help of mail or through the use of electronic
communication. Although at first glance this seems like a minor inconvenience,
though temporary differences are some problem for communication between
business partners or between the company and its subsidiaries.
4.
Political conditions
Before starting work in a different country every
company needs to take into account the type of political system in this country
and its stability, because the domestic market of each country is influenced by
the political situation. Social tensions could disrupt the production or
restrict sales. Political demonstrations against the government and regime
change mean more uncertainty for the exporter or foreign investor and may be
doomed to failure. In addition, political stability affects the state of
society as a whole. The consequence of the unstable political system is
unemployment, poverty, population and other factors that may cause the failure
of the firm.factors should be evaluated before investing capital or making a
commitment to marketing. As new information and study the circumstances
necessary to adjust the corresponding forecasts.company that has the intention
to establish a branch or subsidiary company abroad, must first answer the
following questions:are the effects typical of external factors on the
political situation in the target country;are the power structures of the
country (the government, political parties and other important groups);
evaluate internal factors, including inter-regional and ethnic conflicts,
economic factors affecting the stability of the political situation in the
country.
5.
Economic stability
Political situation in the country is always
complements the economic situation.operating at the international level, should
always analyze economic conditions and trends and to observe the economies of
the countries in which they do or intend to do business. Analysis of the
economic situation improves the efficiency of decision - making and
planning.most important factors affecting the business in the arc of the
country, are the level of wages, transport costs, exchange rate, inflation and
bank interest rates, taxation and the overall level of economic development.
There are also other factors relating to the international economic
environment, though not of a purely economic nature: population, levels of
literacy and professional training, quality and quantity of natural resources,
the level of technology.probability of separating the issues of political and economic
stability as the first to be considered by the firm's management in solving
problems of accommodation businesses in another country.economic conditions,
usually considered as negative for a particular company can be positive. To a
large extent it depends on the company, what it produces and it is ready to
invest in the economy of the country.
6.
Differences in methods of doing business
These differences are largely dependent on the
culture. If the managers of the company are not fluent in the cultural
characteristics of the target country's business practices adopted in it, their
work will be ineffective.order to better understand the impact that differences
in the methods of doing business, consider these differences as an example of
American and Russian managers.of all, the two sides are different form the
structure of the problem. As a rule, the Russian leader sees a problem with the
position of head of production, while the American manager - from the
standpoint of strategic manager, which operates markets, strategic production
units. And also different view of the markets. American director extends to the
Russian reality his vision of the market, simply imposing our conditions
American reality. However, the current situation of transition defies classification,
and simple transfer of his experience leading foreign businessman to build a
false picture and, therefore, most likely - to failure. In a similar situation
is and the Russian manager who knows the market is still very little and has no
idea of the complexity and subtlety of the mechanisms of regulation and
self-regulation.is, moreover, the difference in time horizons decision. In most
cases, the U. S. participants explore the possibility of forming a strong
partnership that would later gain a stable position on the Russian market. For
them it is a strategic decision that is associated with long-term (5-10 years)
obligations of the firm. But Russian participants with a few exceptions operate
with shorter - range planning, as in the conditions of economic chaos and
uncertainty tend to get a result from the cooperation as soon as possible.above
differences are most typical in this situation, but there are many differences
in the way of doing things, and not only between the U. S. and Russian managers.
Any differences should be explored as much as possible to avoid problems in the
interaction with foreign partners.
7.
The difference in sales
Differences in sales is one of the most important
factors affecting the success or failure of the firm in a foreign market.is
interesting to look at the history of some U. S.companies trying to penetrate
foreign markets, without taking before this attempt to examine the current
situation on the market, sales differences and the social conditions that
created a big problem for them. For example, a U. S. firm - a major food
manufacturer in the United States - has attempted to penetrate the Japanese
market by organizing a sale of mixtures for baking cupcakes. But this product
is almost no one bought. The company's management has been misled as to why
this product in Japan do not buy.one had the idea to reflect on the fact that
in most Japanese homes are no oven and why the Japanese do not bake
cupcakes.problems of this type are constantly put pressure on the company as it
exits the international market. To avoid this as much as possible, to know the
company habits and tastes of the users requirements for their range of
products, appearance and quality of the product, packaging and labeling
process, the use of a trademark. You also need to know the applicable technical
standards in the target country, geographical and climatic conditions which may
have an impact on the increased demand for one type of product and the minimum
- on the other. For example, for machinery and electrical products accounted
for the climatic conditions of the importing country, requiring the use of
special lubricants and insulating materials, paints and varnishes, designed for
a specific temperature and humidity. For consumer products, the requirements of
customers to design,color, style, size, pictures.equipment, petroleum products,
steel and other products used in the country are taken into account technical
standards.
9.
Economic law
Companies acting in the international markets,
are forced to reckon with the many laws and regulatory acts in force in each
country in which they operate. These issues include: taxation, patents, labor
relations, the standards for finished products. In many countries, there are
significant differences in these laws. On commercial law, for example, need to
pay attention at the conclusion of international agreements. Especially as
different laws pertaining to the relationship between employers and
employees.may include working conditions, rates of pay, the provision of
certain benefits. In some countries, the laws governing the relationship
between employers and employees, are developed in detail so that they can fight
off the desire to run a business. Example of the impact of legislation on
conducting business abroad can serve as a law on unfair competition in Germany,
which prohibits businesses use promotional coupons and tear-off tab in the
packaging of goods in order to promote the product on the market. American
companies also make extensive use of such funds in the domestic market, but for
the German market, they have to develop other ways to attract customers.- an
area in which the manager must give the most attention in the evaluation of
another country as a potential space for the production company, sales
representative or branch office.
10.
Taxes
If the company does business internationally, it
can be taxed (including income tax) in your own and other country. Therefore
necessary to thoroughly examine the tax system in his country and the target.
In many cases, there are programs of tax credits that allow companies to avoid
paying so much or do not pay taxes on income generated abroad. This situation
is different from taxes in different countries and it should be good to know
before you organize the company.
11.
The risks of uncertainty
Ownership of firms operating internationally,
threaten the diverse risks. The society creates a number of threats, when a
person does not know what should happen. Especially increases the uncertainty
and adds new dangers interventions in countries and regions with unstable
conditions. In addition, there is a danger of the unknown and just because it
is a part of life. In relation to this, we can take some precautions, but will
never be able to control them completely.in general can be divided into several
groups (although these groups do not coincide with the classification adopted
in the insurance business):(natural disasters, loss of ships and aircraft on
weather factors)of oil and gas wells out of controlcaused by lightning or hot,
dry weather(the majority of fires)in the construction, designof machines and
equipment, vehicle collisionsloss of ships, aircraft and other modes of
transport on the technicalplants and other industrial accidents(non-payment of
debts, confiscation, nationalization or other action of the authorities)in
currency exchange ratesin demand and pricescompany has three principal
possibilities to protect themselves against these risks: it eliminates or
reduces them by taking precautionary security measures, creates its own reserve
funds to cover damage (self-insurance) uses the " outside" reserves
of insurance companies, paying the insurance premium (premium). For the
development and implementation of such events is a special service - risk
management. It is carried out within the company, as one of the management
functions, or can be ordered as a service in a specialized professional firm,
or is part of an additional service of the insurance company.goes far beyond
national boundaries, drawing into its orbit increasing number of people from
different cultural outlook. As a result of cultural differences begin to play
an increasingly important role in organizations and stronger influence on the
marginal efficiency of business operations. Hence, there are cross - cultural
issues in international business - the contradictions at work in the new social
and cultural conditions due to differences in thinking patterns between groups
of people. Formation of the human mind is influenced by the knowledge, belief,
art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by the
company in its development process. Feel these differences can only be merged
with the new company - an excellent carrier of culture. Cultural differences
between countries are the basis for the different corporate cultures. Today's
enterprises are increasingly becoming part of an international character, which
means the need to consider the differences in national cultures.
3.
The globalization of the world economy and the role of cross - cultural
relations in the management
The scale and importance of international
business communication problems forced to look for new methods of modeling and
optimal management of cross - cultural negotiations, involving the methodology
of this problem a number of related disciplines, the achievement of modern
information technology.negotiation means - together with the partner activity
and involves the relationship in the "subject - subject" and aimed at
resolving some of the common problems faced by the parties. Negotiations are
conducted because the interests of the parties overlap 3. In today's business
world is the dominant approach to the negotiations as a mutually beneficial
process. When negotiating partners belong to the same national culture, such
negotiations are called monoculture. If negotiators belong to different
cultures - negotiations are called cross-cultural. The present work is devoted
to the analysis of the characteristics and organization of effective management
of cross-cultural negotiation. There is a trend complicating negotiations, one
of the reasons for this is that the modern world is becoming more integrated
and holistic, and part of it - more and more interdependent. The paper deals
with the modeling of the business manager and his style of management approach
(human social element) with the system organization and modern methods of
performance management specialists, united network customized to the problem of
communication model (system unit). The internationalization and globalization
of the economy, more determined, and rebuild the character of modern international
business. More and more goods and services produced by large transnational
corporations (TNCs), a joint venture. And all the more difficult to determine
the nationality of goods and services: the product is made in one country and
another technology with experts third country, is sold in many other
countries.competition and cross - cultural communication in the context of
globalization. The continuing globalization of the economy, the inability to
escape from the general strategic direction of global development confront
Russia new challenges and new tasks of socio - managerial circle, open up new
avenues to evaluate a number of familiar concepts and control algorithms.
Globalization changes the existing views of the rational organization of
cross-cultural communication and negotiation, changes the focus of methodology
of comparative management.the context of global change is one of the key market
concepts - the concept of competition. If in the classical competition was seen
as a struggle for manufacturers market, today more and more manifest the
competition of countries and greater economic union for the mass (national)
markets. This competition by:tax burden;level of security of the country and
its citizens;to protect property rights;the attractiveness of the business
environment;of economic freedomthe effectiveness of the judicial system in
relation to non-residents;protect the rights of foreign investors and the
attractiveness of the investment climate;the skill of cross-cultural managers
to work with the investor (technology IR);quality of public institutions;degree
of corruption of power (its influence on the national culture);degree of
protection to businesses of Russians (individuals and businesses)
abroad.competition began to take on political overtones and demanded not only
management algorithms as political - oriented algorithms associated with
representative sociological surveys of the population and with deep
sociological research, as well as to the quality of the actual
legislation.cross - cultural negotiations were perceived many serious: the
result of important negotiations can be a big change in society. They are
directly related to the standard of living of the population of entire
countries.work is needed to predict the consequences of such decisions,
particularly on the public perception of the forecast of those decisions, the
search for new approaches to the management of change in society. And it will
require the expertise - social scientists to predict the behavior, acceptance
or rejection of the consequences of the negotiations with a view to developing
proposals for the management of these variables.communication Russia's role as
a bridge between east and west, between north and south is extremely high.
Globalization causes intense competition in the field of geopolitics, if we
understand by the term leadership role in the management of the territory of
the communication and transaction processes. Rapid unfolding competition for
investment in information networks and transport links. O. S. Vikhansky defines
a new competition rather peculiar "Competitive country - one in which you
want to live." He sees competition as a business process and highlights
the stakeholders - is the owner (employer), the employee, the consumer state. The
owner - a profit, the employee - a good salary, Consumer - satisfying his
product, the state - taxes and spending wisely, and business competitive. There
is a lower limit of the price competitiveness of organizations. It was
determined from the condition: The employer has no right to transfer social
care to their employees on the shoulders of the state, the state gradually
adjusts the minimum wage of the working population, determining that the level
of national profitability, completely eliminating any kind of parasitism by the
employer to its employees.a way, all these examples of globalization and
integration show that the role of multinational negotiations greatly
increases.planning your foreign economic activity of the enterprise, its
marketing activities necessary to analyze not only the national but also the
international environment: economic factors, competitive factors, political,
statutory regulation, legal, socio-cultural factors.
4.
Cross - cultural issues in International Management
The internationalization of business and the
economy in all its attendant benefits, however, has turned into a global
problem. Enterprises are increasingly becoming international, and business
schools are increasingly emphasizing the requirement to internationalize the
views of managers. In respect of existing organizations, this means the need to
consider differences in national cultures.goes far beyond national boundaries,
drawing into its orbit increasing number of people from different cultural
outlook. As a result of cultural differences begin to play an increasingly
important role in organizations and stronger influence on the marginal
efficiency of business operations. Hence, there are cross - cultural issues in
international business - the contradictions at work in the new social and
cultural conditions due to differences in thinking patterns between groups of
people. Formation of the human mind is influenced by the knowledge, belief,
art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by the
company in its development process. Feel these differences can only be merged
with the new company - an excellent carrier of culture.international business,
cultural environment factors create the greatest difficulties. That is why the
correct assessment of the differences of national cultures and their adequate
records are becoming more and more important. Take into account the factors of
the cultural environment also makes a complex and multi-level structure of a
culture that determines the diversity of its functions in the life of every
society. Distinguished informational, cognitive, normative, symbolic function
and value of culture.function of culture is that culture is a complex system of
signs, stands the only means of conveying social experience from generation to
generation, from age to age, from one country to another. It is no accident
culture is considered a social memory of humanity.function are closely related
to the first and, in a sense, follows from it. Culture, concentrated in itself
the best social experience of many generations of people, acquires the ability
to accumulate a wealth of knowledge about the world and thereby create
opportunities for his learning and development. It can be argued that the
public intellectual as much as the rich use the knowledge contained in the
cultural gene pool of humanity. All types of society significantly differ
primarily on the basis of. Some of them have demonstrated a remarkable ability
through culture, through culture to take the best that has been accumulated by
people and put himself at the service. They (Japan, for example) show the
enormous dynamism in many areas of science, technology and production. Others
are not able to use the cognitive functions of culture, still inventing
"the wheel", and thus doom themselves to social retardation and
anemia.regulatory function is primarily concerned with the definition of the
various parties, the types of public and private activities of people. In the
world of work, life and interpersonal relationships culture somehow influences
on people's behavior and regulate their behavior, actions, and even a selection
of some of the material and spiritual values. This feature is supported by such
cultural normative systems as morality and law.function of culture is the most important
in the culture system. Representing a system of signs, culture involves knowing
its possession. Without studying the relevant sign systems capture the benefits
of culture is not possible. Thus, the language (oral or written) is a means of
communication between people. Literary language acts as a vital means of
mastering the national culture. Specific knowledge of languages necessary for the special world of music, art and
theater.- function reflects the fundamental condition of the goods of culture.
Culture as a certain system of values forms of human
well-defined needs and value orientation. According to their level and quality
of people often judge the degree of culture of a particular person., the
culture - is a multifunctional phenomenon. But all functions anyway sent to one
- to the human development.business related to the system of relations between
people and to succeed in the international market, which is primarily made up of people, we must learn to understand the
process of formation of the human person, that is, the process of
"entering " into culture, assimilation of knowledge, skills, norms,
communication, social experience. Knowing this, you can understand many things
at the market.terms of geographical, spatial, the international market, the
largest in the world, as there is an opportunity to sell products and services
in many countries. The territorial boundaries do not play any role, much more
important than cultural boundaries that divide the world. You can sell the same
goods and services in the vast territory, but it is important in this case
consider the significant differences between users of different cultural areas.
That is why it is important to first understand the structure of cross -
cultural issues, that is, to characterize the variables that shape the cultural
environment of international business. This will provide a degree of visibility
- a clear understanding of cross - cultural issues and ways to improve the
international management.word culture is perceived in different ways: at the
level of ordinary consciousness - as a set of manners and customs, and among
sociologists and cultural studies, in accordance with the definition of culture
as "a specific mode of organization and development of human life represented
by the products of material and mental labor in the system social norms and
institutions, spiritual values , combined relationship of people to nature, to
each other and to ourselves. "understand the essence of culture is
possible only through the prism of human activities, the peoples of the planet.
Culture does not exist outside of man. It was originally associated with a
person and is generated by the fact that he is constantly striving to look for
the meaning of his life and work and, on the contrary, there is no society or
social group, or a person without culture, without culture. In a culture
reveals the spiritual world, his "essential powers" (abilities,
needs, outlook, knowledge, skills, social feelings, etc.). Thereby culture acts
as a measure of the implementation and development of the human nature in the
course of its social activities, "as the measure of man." By creating
a product material or spiritual, man objectified in it himself, and not only
its social nature, but to some extent their individuality.coming and living in
this world, first of all masters of the culture that has been created before
it, and thereby develops a social experience gained by his predecessors.
Culture, its values lie necessarily on a particular person's personality, his
character, mental makeup, temperament and mentality. But at the same time a
person contributes to the cultural layer and, therefore, enriches, fertilizes,
improves it.- is a very difficult, multi-tiered system.professionals involved
in its structuring, there are many difficult problems, many of which have not
been overcome yet. Probably all of this was the basis for the structure of
culture to count one of the most difficult. On the one hand, it is accumulated
by society's material and spiritual values, the layering of eras, ages and
nations, fused together. On the other - it is a "living" human
activity, based on the legacy left by generations of our family in 1200,
fertilizing and transmit this heritage to those who will replace the currently
living., the structuring of culture, sound and logically reconciled, perhaps.
For this reason it is important to identify such a division. Today is usually
classified according to its culture medium. Depending on this, quite rightly,
above all to identify global and national culture. World culture is a synthesis
of the best achievements of all national cultures of the peoples of our
planet.culture, in turn, supports the synthesis of cultures of different strata
and groups of the society. The peculiarity of the national culture, its
uniqueness and originality known as manifested in the spiritual (language,
literature, music, art, religion), and in the material (especially economic
system, economic management, tradition of labor and production) spheres of life
and activity.these criteria were examined 40 countries and found eight cultural
regions: north, English-speaking, German-, romanoyazychny more developed and
less developed romanoyazychny, more developed Asian, less developed Asia, the
Middle East. For example, the northern region is characterized by a short
hierarchical ladder, high Masculinity, high degree of individualism and high
degree of uncertainty. For the German-speaking group is characterized by the
great length of the hierarchy, the high degree of uncertainty and masculinism
and several lesser degree of individualism. In developing countries shows the
great length of the hierarchy, masculinism high and low values of individualism
and uncertainty., such structuring of culture is difficult to apply directly to
the international business where cultural differences are interesting sections
on the one hand, the development of correct behavior executors of business
software in the market, and on the other, to build a behavioral model of
aggregate consumer as the end point of the movement of any explanation. To
detect the interaction between culture and business look detailed and specific
list of variables cross - cultural issues (Figure 1), which is situated between
in the relationship and sometimes intersecting, nevertheless make it possible
to structure the vast amount of material describing the cultural section of
each local market. Such variables include the language, religion, social
organization of society, its values and relationships, education, technology,
law and politics, geography and art.is, of course, the basis for the formation
of human groups, as a means of expressing thoughts and feelings, a means of
communication.provide verbal and non-verbal language. The former include a
system of graphic signs, organized respectively in speech or writing. Not only
Latin American Spanish versions differ from that in Spain, but also different
languages of the United States, Canada, Australia, the language of the United
Kingdom. Ignoring this fact can lead at best to a misunderstanding.
1. Variable
cross-cultural issues of international business.
Conclusion
Culture - is an integral part of human life.
Culture organizes human life. In the culture of life is largely performs the
same function, which performs in the lives of animals genetically programmed
behavior. It is culture that distinguishes humans from all other creatures.
Personality bears the stamp of a particular culture and a particular society.
In addition, the company creates the conditions for mass use of cultural values
, and therefore gives rise to the need to
reproduce culture. That's why people react to changing environmental conditions
and culture in particular.the individual values of the culture are transformed
into behavior, culture lives in the personal behavior of the person. The
Company creates the conditions for this, and they can, to varying degrees as a
match, and did not comply with the transformation of cultural values in the
acts of a person's behavior. The Company is developing in the search mode, all
the more favorable conditions for the formation of the individual as an active
subject of culture, as the creator and bearer of valuable crop.has a pervasive
influence on the encoding and decoding of verbal and non-verbal signals.
Because of this influence in intercultural communication are inevitable
conflicts and misunderstandings.overcome these obstacles, researchers have
proposed a model of personal growth, which focuses on the regulation of emotion
and thoughtfulness. Individuals who can tap into these processes, are able to
increase their cross-cultural sensitivity, to create a new mental category, to
respect cultural differences, to be open to them and to show empathy (the
ability of a person to present yourself in the place of another person) in
relation to other people.- cultural studies (cross cultural studies) - kind of
a comparative study, the object and the object is sticking culture. First began
to hold their representatives of social and cultural anthropology. Served the
purpose of figuring out how the same cultural artifact (the marriage ceremony,
the kinship system) operating in different cultures. They are also interested
in why something in one culture is considered the norm, and in the other - a
deviation.present, cross - cultural studies are also conducted in the different
branches of psychology: general psychology studies the characteristics of
perception, memory, thinking, industrial psychology - the problem of the
organization of labor and management, psychology - child-rearing practices in
different nations. A special place is occupied by social psychology, as
compared are not only of the behavior of people, due to their inclusion in the
ethnic communities, but also the psychological characteristics of these very
communities. Cultural differences between countries are an important area of corporate culture.key features of categorization
theory of culture, is the theory of Hofstede, which has allocated 4
features:distanceavoidance- individualism- femininityaddition to these symptoms
is sometimes singled out as the fifth sign of the so-called. Confucian
dynamics.of the human mind is influenced by the knowledge, belief, art, morals,
law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by the company in its
development process. From here there are cultural differences between the
countries. Feel these differences can only be merged with the new company - an
excellent carrier of culture. Cultural differences between countries are the
basis for the different corporate cultures. Today's enterprises are
increasingly becoming part of an international character, which means the need
to consider the differences in national cultures.goes far beyond national
boundaries, drawing into its orbit increasing number of people from different
cultural outlook. As a result of cultural differences begin to play an
increasingly important role in organizations and stronger influence on the
efficiency of business operations.becomes the cause of cross-cultural issues in
international business - the contradictions at work in the new social and
cultural contexts associated with different patterns of thinking between
different groups of people.on the analysis of cultures on the classification of
G. Hofstede, it can be concluded that the culture focused more on tradition and
culture, open to change, on closer examination have a lot in common.can sell
the same goods and services in the vast territory, but it is important in this
case consider the significant differences between users of different cultural
areas. That is why it is important, first of all, to understand the structure
of cross - cultural issues, that is, to characterize the variables that shape
the cultural environment of international business. This provides a degree of
visibility - a clear understanding of cross - cultural issues and ways to
improve the international management.the human resources policy in
international business cultural environment factors create the greatest
difficulties. That is why the correct assessment of the differences of national
cultures and their adequate records are becoming more and more important. Take
into account the factors of the cultural environment also makes a complex and
multi-level structure of a culture that determines the diversity of its
functions in the life of every society.the formation and development of the
culture of international firms use specific tools specific to international
business.- is an integral part of human life. Culture organizes human life. In
the culture of life is largely performs the same function, which performs in
the lives of animals genetically programmed behavior. It is culture that
distinguishes humans from all other creatures. Personality bears the stamp of a
particular culture and a particular society. In addition, the company creates
the conditions for mass use of cultural values , and
therefore gives rise to the need to reproduce culture. That's why people react
to changing environmental conditions and culture in particular.the individual
values of the culture are transformed into behavior, culture lives in the
personal behavior of the person. The Company creates the conditions for this,
and they can, to varying degrees as a match, and did not comply with the
transformation of cultural values in the acts of a person's behavior. The
Company is developing in the search mode, all the more favorable conditions for
the formation of the individual as an active subject of culture, as the creator
and bearer of valuable crop.has a pervasive influence on the encoding and
decoding of verbal and non-verbal signals. Because of this influence in
intercultural communication are inevitable conflicts and
misunderstandings.overcome these obstacles, researchers have proposed a model
of personal growth, which focuses on the regulation of emotion and
thoughtfulness. Individuals who can tap into these processes, are able to
increase their cross-cultural sensitivity, to create a new mental category, to
respect cultural differences, to be open to them and to show empathy (the ability
of a person to present yourself in the place of another person) in relation to
other people.- cultural studies (cross cultural studies) - kind of a
comparative study, the object and the object is sticking culture. First began
to hold their representatives of social and cultural anthropology. Served the
purpose of figuring out how the same cultural artifact (the marriage ceremony,
the kinship system) operating in different cultures. They are also interested
in why something in one culture is considered the norm, and in the other - a
deviation.present, cross - cultural studies are also conducted in the different
branches of psychology: general psychology studies the characteristics of
perception, memory, thinking, industrial psychology - the problem of the
organization of labor and management, psychology - child-rearing practices in
different nations. A special place is occupied by social psychology, as
compared are not only of the behavior of people, due to their inclusion in the
ethnic communities, but also the psychological characteristics of these very
communities. Cultural differences between countries are an important area of
corporate culture.key features of categorization theory of culture, is the
theory of Hofstede, which has allocated 4 features:distance;avoidance;-
individualism;- femininityaddition to these symptoms is sometimes singled out
as the fifth sign of the so-called. Confucian dynamics.of the human mind is
influenced by the knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by the company in its development process. From here there
are cultural differences between the countries. Feel these differences can only
be merged with the new company - an excellent carrier of culture. Cultural
differences between countries are the basis for the different corporate
cultures. Today's enterprises are increasingly becoming part of an
international character, which means the need to consider the differences in
national cultures.goes far beyond national boundaries, drawing into its orbit
increasing number of people from different cultural outlook. As a result of
cultural differences begin to play an increasingly important role in
organizations and stronger influence on the efficiency of business
operations.becomes the cause of cross-cultural issues in international business
- the contradictions at work in the new social and cultural contexts associated
with different patterns of thinking between different groups of people.on the
analysis of cultures on the classification of G. Hofstede, it can be concluded
that the culture focused more on tradition and culture, open to change, on
closer examination have a lot in common.can sell the same goods and services in
the vast territory, but it is important in this case consider the significant
differences between users of different cultural areas. That is why it is
important, first of all, to understand the structure of cross - cultural
issues, that is, to characterize the variables that shape the cultural
environment of international business. This provides a degree of visibility - a
clear understanding of cross - cultural issues and ways to improve the
international management.the human resources policy in international business
cultural environment factors create the greatest difficulties. That is why the
correct assessment of the differences of national cultures and their adequate
records are becoming more and more important. Take into account the factors of
the cultural environment also makes a complex and multi-level structure of a
culture that determines the diversity of its functions in the life of every
society.the formation and development of the culture of international firms use
specific tools specific to international business.
Sources
1. E. J. Shutkova "About cross-cultural management"
. Myasoedov S. "Cross-Cultural Management"
. Brislin R. "Cross-Cultural Psychology""
. Gordeev R.V. "Cross - cultural issues of international
management"
. Vihansky O.S. "Managing a cross - cultural
interactions"