The rules of logistics
Introduction
more and more companies require reception of the operative
information depending on demanded conditions on a certain instant. Thus the
information should be received as soon as possible with the minimum expenses of
money resources, with maximum metrics of reliability, accuracy and objectivity.
Connected with this operations in logistics sphere did not become an
exception.logistics is an optimal control of the commodity-material streams
followed from the supplier to the consumer and linked to them by informational,
financial and service streams on the basis of a system approach for the purpose
of abbreviation of time and costs in a chain of deliveries of the goods., there
are several types of logistics. Here are some of them: transportation
logistics, procurement and production logistics, warehouse logistics, business
logistics, information and marketing logistics, industrial logistics and
distribution logistics. The majority of the types of logistics intersect. This
is a case in point is the definition of the tasks of transport logistics, whose
main tasks is to ensure cargo, minimizing the cost of shipping, searching for
optimal routes of goods, searching and selection of forwarders, coordination of
other issues with the sender and the recipient of the goods. Transport
logistics is different from the transportation that freight forwarding is the
result of logistics, namely choosing the most favorable option in terms of time
and cost of the route, mode of transport and their combinations. Transport
logistics binds the many stages of freight forwarding.the basis of control
process of the material flows lies information processing, which is circulating
in logistics systems. In this connection one of key concepts of logistics is
the concept of an informational stream. The choice of vehicle type, the joint
planning of transport processes, the joint route planning, joint planning of
travel time along the route - all of this are information flows, by good
governance them directly depends of the effectiveness of materials
management.rules of logistics
in the field of logistics has the final goal, which was
called name “six rules of logistics”.
. Cargo (the necessary goods).
. Quality (necessary quality).
. Quantity (in necessary quantity).
. Time (should be supplied in due time).
. A place (in a proper place).
. Expenses (with the minimum expenses).purpose of logistics
activity is considered reached if these six conditions are fulfilled, i.e. the
necessary goods of necessary quality, in necessary quantity are supplied in due
time, in a proper place with the minimum expenses.
development logistics underwent, in essence, because of
appearance and development of the transmission media and data processing, there
is demand for the applications for the logistics, the actuality of the need of
the automation of logistic operations does not leave doubt.the contemporary
conditions for the development of economy for the enterprises of Kazakhstan
urgent need to focus serious attention on the optimization of its activity
appears, since the principles of the market economy take root into of
increasing degree in the country, competition is strengthened. In this context
the special importance acquires the creation of the systems, which make it
possible to increase the effectiveness of control of material flows, which
improves entire economic activity. As a whole, this problem can be defined as
the formation of the competitive advantages through the reduction of logistic
expenses and an improvement in the quality of maintenance on the basis of the
creation of effectively functioning logistic systems.subject actuality is also
defined: an increasing role which is played by logistics in economic activities
in the conditions of market economy; problems of integration of Kazakhstan in a
global logistics infrastructure and its adapting to standards and the
requirements operating in the developed countries; necessity of application of
modern technologies and economic mechanisms of creation and development. The
research actuality is defined as well by that attention which is given by
Government RK to questions of development of a logistics infrastructure and its
interaction with the international logistics environment.
purpose of diploma work
main purpose of diploma project is - to make better transportation,
automation of logistics operations in depots associated with the control of the
route and time. Experience shows that because of the irrational planned routes
and lack of control the location of transport companies transport costs are
increased by 20-40%. Inefficient logistics management results in excessive
mileage and fuel consumption, less than optimal use of fleet vehicles and
simple, and the lack of funds leads to a diversion of transport, fuel drain,
non-compliance with the conditions of transport drivers. And so today, in the
fleets it is necessary to automate logistics processes. In particular the need
to develop a software application that allows you to control the route and time
of a particular bus. The development program will be implemented in JavaScript.
the basic results, obtained in the diploma work and which
constitute the scientific novelty of a study, relates the following:
defined requirements for the structure and function of modern
logistics information systems allowing for the business organization;
developed a procedure for choosing the most effective way to
automate the management of the logistics company based on the analysis of
business processes, information systems.
Implement a software application, to select an effective way
to control routing, time and resources to optimize cost.practical value of the
work lies in the opportunities of practical use of methods and recommendations
for the development of information systems in logistics. The use of the program
will enhance the efficiency of logistics systems in the company.
for the problem solution
of software applications for logistics solutions will reduce
labor costs and saving money before officers standing at bus stops, watching
the time, can use this time to work more effectively.of paper conducting
operations:
a) Loss of productivity in connection with search of
necessary remarks to working off;
b) Copying and storage of remarks for the purpose of an
archiving;) Cumulative influence on a total cost and the quality of tools given
to clients.of operation with electronic system:
a) Automation access of clients to a database;
b) Simple and
safe digital archiving of the data;) Reduction of necessity for physical
space of storage of documents at the expense of usage of digital storages;) Cumulative
useful result of reduction of cost and more effective servicing;) the
ability to monitor the bus directly from the bus park, which does not allow bus
drivers to deceive the authorities.basic results of studies in the process of
the work on the diploma project are published in [2].
of diploma project
project consists
of the following main sections: introduction, designing section, experimental
research section, technological section, conclusion, bibliography and
applications.introduction part is proved importance and an urgency of the
selected subject, is formulated the purpose of the diploma project, and also
offered the short characteristic of development of logistics.design section of
the project are parsed necessary requirements at a design stage, is resulted
the substantiation of development tools and defined the methodology of solution
of the task.experimentally-research section is directly described system
development, a physical design of the application, and also UML diagrams.section
contains results of operation of the application, testing and the description
of operation in Software application.the conclusion are resulted the main
theoretical and practical results of the diploma projectliterature list
consists of 18 sources.contains: user interface windows, codes of programs
1. Design section
.1 Information
systems in logistic
informative thread
is an aggregate of circulatory in the logistic system, between the logistic
system and external environment of reports, necessary for a management and
control of logistic operations. An informative thread can exist as paper and
electronic documents.is necessary to mean, that besides logistic operations
another operations, similarly attended with an origin and transmission of
threads of information, are carried out in the economic systems. However
logistic informative threads(stream) make the most meaningful part of the
combined stream of information.as well as any other system, the informative
system must consist of well-organized associate elements and possess some
aggregate of integrative internals. Decoupling of the informative systems on
making elements it is possible to carry out variously. Most often the
informative systems are subdivided into two subsystems: functional and
providing (figure 1).
1. Information subsystems
The functional
subsystem consists of a collection of the solved tasks grouped on the basis of
a generality of the purpose. The providing subsystem, in turn, includes
following units:
A hardware,
aggregate of hardware, providing treatment and transmission of informational
threads;
A supply with
information which includes various directories, qualifiers, coders, means of
the formalized description of the data;
A software, i.e.
set of methods of the decision of functional problems. Logistical information
systems, as a rule, represent the automated control systems of logistical
processes. Therefore the software in logistical information systems is a
complex of programs and set of means of the programming providing the decision
of problems of management by material streams, processing of texts, reception
of the help data and functioning of means.microlevel distinguish the following
three kinds of information systems:
. Planned
information systems - are created at administrative level of management for
acceptance of long-term decisions: creation and optimization of links of a
logistical chain; manufacture planning; the general storekeeping; management of
reserves, etc.
. Non-mandatory,
or dispatching offices IS - created at the level of management storage or
workshop for providing of the debugged work of logistical system, for making
decision on medium-term and long-term prospects: disposing of intra-depot or
inside factory transport; selection of loads on orders and their completing;
account of the sent loads; detailed control of inventories.
. Executive IS -
are created at level of administrative or an operational administration for
execution of daily affairs in a mode of real time; an operational
administration manufacture service; management of moving, etc., relating the
logistic systems, decide in the planned information systems. Through planning
in a chain "sale-manufacture-supply" that allows creating effective
system of the organization of the manufacture, constructed on market
requirements, with delivery of necessary requirements in system of material
support of the enterprise is thus carried out. By planned systems as though
"get involved" logistical system in an environment, in a cumulative
material stream.non-mandatory and executive systems go into detail drawn up
plans and provide their implementation on separate productive areas, in
storages, and also on concrete workplaces.and horizontal integration of
information systems.to the conception of logistic the informative systems,
related to the different groups, are integrated in single IS. Distinguish
vertical and horizontal integration. Vertical integration connection is
considered between planned, non-mandatory and executive the systems by means of
vertical informative threads.
.1.1 Essence,
structure and functions of informational logistics systemlogistics information
system fulfils a number of specific functions:
) planning
) coordination
) service
) managementthe
basis of the functional pyramid of logistic information system lies the system
of the operations between the components of logistic system, which determines
interrelations between the functional subdivisions of firm (in the plan of the
realization of logistic functions), by logistic mediators and by the users of
the production of firm. At the level of analysis the logistic regional or
administrative managers of firm in essence use information for tactical
purposes for marketing, prognostications of financial and operating production
indices. Finally, at the upper strategic level logistics determines strategy of
management and it is connected with the strategic corporate planning and the
mission of firm.characteristics of the system levels of the functional
structure of logistic information system are connected with achieving of the
specific strategic and tactical goals of firm and competitive
advantages.organizational structure of logistic information system can be
coarsely formed of four subsystems: administration of the procedures of orders,
scientific studies and connection, support of the logistic solutions and
generation of output forms and reports. These interconnected subsystems achieve
information- computer support of all functions of logistic management and
connection with the micro- and macro-logistic environment.the organizational
structure of logistic information system as one of the basic subsystems is
isolated the subsystem of control of the procedures of orders, which is caused
by the direct contact of this subsystem with the users in the processes of
working and fulfilling the orders. Great significance here has a use of a
concept “of electron exchange by data” and the based on it standards.subsystem
of scientific studies and connection reflects the influence of the external and
internal medium of firm on the process of logistic management and is
accomplished interaction between the components of logistic system and the
control functions due to:
• the integration
of logistic planning with the corporate planning;
• interaction of
logistic management with other corporate functions;
• strategic
installations for the organizational structure of logistic system and
personnel;
• the integration
of information technologies;
• preparation or
the purchase of the technological solutions and use of mediators;
• adaptation to
the conditions of the firm of the forms of logistic chains, channels and
networks, and also of control functions;
• accentuation on
productivity and quality of services in the logistics.subsystem in question
plays important role for the reflection of changes and requirements both of the
external and internal medium of firm. Logistic manager can use this subsystem
for scanning of micro- and macro-media of firm four by methods:
) by indirect
examination on the basis of the total analysis of the obtained information,
when there is no specific assigned purpose;
) by the direct
examination, when information about the external and internal medium of firm
actively is analyzed with the previously formulated purpose;
) by a nonformal
study of relatively limited and unstructured data;
) by a formal
study with the use of the previously comprised plan, procedures and methods of
working and analysis of obtained information.the optimization of the results of
evaluating the influence of the external and internal medium of firm on the
behavior of logistic system logistic manager must use key information sources
of subsystem in the process of monitoring. It is here necessary to consider two
aspects. First, the use of information by personnel of firm for the estimation
of the effectiveness of its logistic solutions. For example, bookkeeping
information or information about the prices of the finished production of
competitors can give irrefragable answer about the effectiveness of management;
information about the sizes of cargo sending can be used by the transport
subdivisions of firm and T. d. In the second place, the logistic partners of
firm, such, as the suppliers of material resources, commercial mediators,
ferrymen and users of finished production also can use information of subsystem
for an improvement in coordination and reduction in our own expenditures.
Important place in the subsystem in question belongs to prognostication, in
particular, to such aspects as the collection of initial information, the
estimation of accuracy, authenticity, use of the most effective methods of
prognostication.third component of a logistics information system is the
subsystem of support of logistics solutions which represents the interactive
computer information system including databases and analytical models, the
optimization tasks realizing, as a rule, arising in the course of logistics
management. The subsystem forms, refreshes and supports variously structured,
centralized and distributed databases for four main types of files:
• the basic files
containing the external and internal information, necessary for acceptance of
logistics solutions;
° the critical
factors defining the main operations, the purposes and limitations at
decision-making;
• the
politicians/parameters containing the main logistics operational procedures for
key areas;
• files of the
solutions storing the information on the previous (periodic) solutions for
various logistics functions.the given subsystem the great number of
economic-mathematical models and methods (in particular, predictions for
support of the solutions accepted by logistics management) is used. All these
models and methods can be divided into classes: optimization, heuristic and
imitative. Optimization models of decision-making are grounded on operational
calculus methods: programming (linear, nonlinear, dynamic, stochastic,
integer), the mathematical statistics (correlatively-regression analysis, the
theory of stochastic processes, the identification theory, the theory of
statistical models of decision-making, etc.), calculus of variations, optimum
control, queuing theory, counts, schedules etc. In particular, for various
logistics functions it is possible to specify following tasks:
• optimal
dispatching in production, transportation, cargo handling;
• the optimal
allocation of objects in the production, the distribution, the storing;
• the construction
of optimum logistic chains, channels, networks;
• the construction
of the optimum organizational structure of logistic system;
• optimum routing;
• the
determination of the optimum duration of the components of logistic cycles;
• the optimization
of the procedures of collection, working and of fulfilling the orders;
• the optimization
of the parameters of control systems of reserves;
• an optimal choice
of a carrier, the forwarding agent, the supplier etc.a considered subsystem
interactive (dialogue) procedures of informational support of decision-making
by logistics management are widely applied.fourth unit of organizational
structure of a logistics intelligence system - a subsystem of generating of
output forms and reports ".system of information input in the logistics
for fulfilling the functions enumerated above must be correspondingly
organized. The specific character of this system lies in the fact that in the
process of its activity it must have the capability to exert influence on all
functional subsystems of logistic organization. Three methods of its
organization are based on this possible: centralized, decentralized and
specialized.the centralized method of organization the activity in the
information input is concentrated in one control (subdivision) and is
subordinated to the directly highest leadership of organization through the
Vice President (deputy director) for the information systems (technologies).
The guarantee of a high efficiency in the works on the introduction of new
information systems and technologies is the advantage of this method of
organization. To the deficiencies can be attributed high expenditures for the
content of administrative apparatus.the decentralized method of organizing the
subsystem of information input the specialists of different functional
subdivisions fulfill control functions of information traffics in their subject
area. The high standard of knowledge of the subject area of manager along the
information systems is the advantage of this method of organization, by
deficiency - duplicating uniform tasks and functions in the different
subdivisions of organization.a specialized way in the organization there are no
divisions on intelligence systems (technologies). In need of development and
implantation of a new intelligence system the given organizations access in
specialized corporations and perform operations on a contractual basis
(outsourcing).is characteristic for the small organizations which cannot have
the experts in the field of the information technology, occupied a full time,
and resort to services of advisers. Advantage of the given way of the
organization of system of a supply with information is high level of scientific
and methodical developments, disadvantage - complexity of the registration of
specific features of the object.choice of this or that way of the organization
of system of a supply with information depends on many factors, first of all from
the sizes of the organization existing in it of business processes, presence of
free money resources. We will mark: the supply with information system has
reached now such level of specialization that demands attention to the
organization are modern heads understand. Therefore any small organization
incorporates information services. The intelligence system necessary for
adequate performance of functions of logistics, should meet following
requirements:
• informational
streams should be compatible in the informational ratio;
• internal
interrelations and complementarities of informational streams should have cause
and effect character;
• hierarchical
subordination of informational streams to should be accurate;
• property of
integrations should be inherent in an intelligence system.
.1.2 Principles
and the levels of information logistic systemprinciples must be placed as the
basis of the construction of logistic information system:
. Completeness and
the fitness of information for the user. Logistic manager must have available
the necessary and complete (sufficient) information for decision making,
moreover in the form necessary for him. For example, information about reserves
or orders of users frequently needs preliminary processing and is usually placed
not, where logistic manager is made decision.
. Accuracy. The
accuracy of initial information has fundamental value for making of correct
decisions. For example, information about the level of reserves in the
distribution network in the contemporary logistic systems allows not more than
1% errors or uncertainties for adopting the effective solutions in the physical
distribution, the creation of reserves and the satisfaction of consumer needs.
Great significance has a accuracy and a authenticity of initial data for
predicting of demand, planning of the needs for the material resources and etc.
. Timeliness. The
logistics information should arrive in management system in time as it is
demanded by many logistics technologies especially grounded on the concept
"is exact in time". Timeliness of the information is important
practically for all complex logistics functions. Besides, many tasks in
transportation, operational management, handle of orders and stores dare in
real-time mode ("on line"). Same numerous tasks of logistics
monitoring demand also. Requirements of timeliness of arrival and information
processing are realized by modern logistics technologies of scanning, satellite
navigation, shaped coding, and implementation of standards EDI/EDIFACT.
. Degree of
orientation. The information in information logistics should be routed system
on revealing of additional possibilities of improvement of quality of
production, tools, lowering of logistics costs. Ways of reception,
transmission, mapping and information preprocessing should promote revealing of
"bottlenecks", spares of saving of resources, etc.
. Flexibility. The
information circulating in a logistics intelligence system, should be adapted
for concrete users, have the appearance most convenient for their. It concerns
both firm personnel, and logistics intermediaries and end users. Paper and
electronic document circulation, intermediate and output forms, reports, helps
and other documents should be as much as possible adapted for requirements of
all participants of logistics process and are adapted for the possible dialog
mode for many users.
. Suitable data
format. Data format and the messages, applied in computer and telecommunication
networks of a logistics intelligence system, should use as much as possible
effectively productivity of means (a memory size, speed, capacity etc.). Sorts
and forms of documents, layout of accessories on paper documents, dimension of
the data and other parameters should facilitate information machining. Besides,
informational compatibility of computer and telecommunication systems of
logistics intermediaries and other users on data formats in a logistics
information system is necessary.formation of information system in the
logistics is accomplished according to the hierarchical principle, moreover in
the logistic information systems the numeration of the levels begins from the
lowest. This principle is accepted for the purpose to ensure the possibility of
the growth of information system with more high ranks and its starts as the
subsystem in the generalizing systems and the network of higher order, if in
this need appears.accordance with this structural decomposition in the
information systems in the logistics are separated three levels (Fig. 2):
2. Levels in the processes of logistics from the
positions of the systems approach.
. The first level
- this is the level of the work site (in the broad sense), for example, of the
place of storing, machine tool for the execution of mechanical processing,
place or installation for the placement into the container and marking and
others One or other logistic operation or another with the controlled material
flow is accomplished at this level, namely its element (component, single
packing, working table- satellite or any other unit of load) is moved, is
overloaded, is packed, is passed one or other working or another.
. The second level
- this is the level of production section, shop, storage and others, where the
processes of working, packing and transport of the units of load occur and work
sites are placed.
. The third level
- this is the system of transportation and displacement of the units of load in
the entire productive- marketable system as a whole from loading of raw
material, materials and components to the delivery of finished articles to
users and calculations for them.of industrial-marketing system and manual to
which there correspond the levels of an intelligence system, define functional
and operation completeness of informational subsystems.an information system
top level the planning informational subsystem is realized. Here administration
of the common material stream on purpose is exercised logistics to organize the
industrial-marketing activity routed on the most effective satisfaction of
requirements of the market.the second level of information system are
represented the so-called dispositive (disposite - to place, to manage)
information subsystems. These subsystems detail the plans, comprised at the
upper level and are led they to the level of separate production sections,
shops, storages mechanized to one degree or another and other production subdivisions
and T. p., and also determine the methods of operations of these
subdivisions.so-called executive information subsystems are placed at the lower
level of information systems. They lead tasks, rules and instructions to the
concrete work sites and the executors, monitor also the motion of technological
process at the work sites and ensure feedback, forming primary information from
these work sites.us note that the planning, dispositive and executive
subsystems are connected with straight and reverse vertical information
traffics.series of problems inside functional the subsystems indicated are
connected with horizontal information traffics.
.1.3 Basic
directions of informational-technical support of logistics systemsinformation
and technical base of control systems is understood the totality of the
interconnected means and methods, which ensure the preparation of information
for decision making: data collection and their primary processing, checking of
authenticity, storage and the transmission of data, their renovation and
correction with the application of the necessary mathematical
methods.information and technical guarantee of logistic systems is
characterized by not the nature of information and the collection of technical
tools, utilized for their the processing, but by methods and by the principles,
utilized for their construction. This respectively affects the change
information flows, volumes and directions, on the procedure of the selection of
most technical means of control, in particular to:
• determination
of the functions of control systems of material and flow of money, the
determination of the composition of the necessary information and the
establishment of its periodicity, appearance and use
• designing
of procedures of standard and non-standard messages, on processes of design,
ordering and the analysis of all informational materials.purpose of the
construction of the information and technical base of logistic systems - to be
incorporated in the structure of control and to become its integral part. In
this case by the special feature of the logistics of the construction of the
information and technical base of the systems of this kind in comparison with
the traditional systems of the automation of control it consists in the fact
that it, from one side, is directed toward raising the technical level of
control systems, and with another - it imposes new requirements on the methods
of economic control of objects.a result logistic construction the information
and technical base of control systems must make it possible to conduct analysis
and adoption controlling influence on the object under the conditions for the
assigned purposes and established processes of information nature.the basic
factors, connected with the construction it is information - logistic systems,
they appear:
) Conditions for
interaction of the systems between themselves and environment.
) The
creation of the model of the organization of information and technical
guarantee, by which understand the hierarchy of subjects, who make decisions,
their right, the reaction time and the regimes of interaction.
) Presence
of the economic and mathematical model of planning, forecasting, management and
analysis of state.
) Development
of calculated algorithms for the economic and mathematical models.
) Presence
of the necessary complex of technical equipment, including computer
organizational technology and communication system.
) Applied
software of entering of data in the system, their storage, distribution for the
purpose of the optimization of the actions of the controlling
personnel.logistic systems for control are directed toward an increase in the
effectiveness in the motion of material and flow of money. Construction of the
information and technical bases of the systems indicated to called ensure the
comprehensive integration of all parts of control system, their operational and
reliable cooperation.
.1.4 Hierarchy of
the use of the logistic information systemstructure of organization
(enterprise) in general form presents the actually formalized system of
decision making, independent of the nature of activity. Organization system
usually determines the specific objectives, which must be solved by the
appropriate services of enterprise (by subdivisions, by the components of
production), and also is attached responsibility in the prevailing hierarchical
system for control.logistic system of the organization of control establishes
such order, with which information and information traffics between the
separate organizational units folding on its basis have a nature of information
lead. The purposeful nature of the anticipating information makes it possible
to conduct within the framework administrations the objective systematic
analysis of situations and to make the necessary decisions. Objects themselves
and objects of control, being located in the process of functioning in the
purposeful, information and organizational interrelation, form the united
logistic system of control of processes.present, depending on the nature of the
relations between the objects, by the structures of control, and also of their
signs were formed the following basic forms of hierarchical organizational
structures: linear, linear-functional and matrix.information and technical
bases of logistic systems, being entered in organizational the structure of
control accepted, introduce essential correctives into the interrelation of the
structures of control, into their subordination and make them more receptive to
the real procedures of decision making. In other words, this makes it possible,
to first of all in the best way use physical and intellectual possibilities of
person himself, nature of division of labor in the spheres of control, quantity
of control levels and composition of the subdivisions entering in them, and to
also determine the necessary requirements for them for the purpose of effective
control of material and flow of money.synthesis of the information and
technical bases, built on the logistic bases, and the organizational structures
of control as a whole makes it possible to ensure:
) the more
effective organization of planning and management of material and flow of money
and the clear distribution of tasks and control function, rights and
responsibility between the structural components, the objects and the objects,
) the best
combination of human and machine it is sectional in control systems, to
increase the effectiveness of preparation and adoption the solution,
reliability and authenticity of mapping the actual state of processes in all
components of material and flow of money,
) working out
optimum administrative solutions and the efficiency of their fulfillment.the
purpose of the achievement of the stability of the synthesis of the structures
of control and information and technical bases of the logistic systems for
control it is necessary to clearly determine concrete composition and nature of
the planning problems and management of material and flow of money,
distributing them along the levels of hierarchical system and the structural
elements.and technical base of the logistic systems for control, being
organically entered in the structure of the control of the concrete
subdivisions of control, and also to interaction during agreement and
estimation of final indices., the logistics of information process, being
entered in the organizational structure of control, gives to it the specific
hardness and rationality, it manufactures in the concrete specialists for
administration the habits of the high professional level of decision
making.question of the interrelations between the subdivisions in the quite
organizational structure of control of material and flow of money was
traditionally considered one of the most complex questions in the guarantee of
effectiveness in control. In this connection the use of logistic approaches
during the construction of organizational structures makes it possible to
evenly distribute tasks along the structural subdivisions and the levels of the
administrations, which require the solution. In this case, the formation of vertical
and horizontal interrelations must occur not on the customary hierarchical or
functional basis, but on the basis of the development of the special
economic-organizational models of solution of the administrative problems,
which make it possible to centralize (or decentralize) administrative
connections during the solution of specific objectives and to increase the
responsibility of concrete subdivisions and specialists for the eventual
results of solution of problems during control of material and flow of money.
Hierarchy of the use of the logistic information system:
) The level of
specialists, who use system for decision making of
- Anticipating
level
- Controlling
level
- Management of
average level
- Management of
higher level
) The range of the
use of information
- Processing
operational data (transaction, answers to questions)
- Information for
the schedule planning and control
- Controlled
information for the tactical planning and decision making
1.2. Development
tools
resources are used
for project development:
.Integrated
Development Environment Microsoft Visual Studio 2008computing, Microsoft Visual
Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It can be
used to develop console and graphical user interface applications along with
Windows Forms applications, web sites, web applications, and web services in
both native code together with managed code for all platforms supported by
Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, .NET Framework, .NET Compact
Framework and Microsoft Silverlight.Studio includes a code editor supporting
IntelliSense as well as code refactoring. The integrated debugger works both as
a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools
include a forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, class
designer, and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the
functionality at almost every level-including adding support for source-control
systems (like Subversion and Visual SourceSafe) and adding new toolsets like
editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for
other aspects of the software development lifecycle (like the Team Foundation
Server client: Team Explorer).Studio supports different programming languages
by means of language services, which allow the code editor and debugger to
support (to varying degrees) nearly any programming language, provided a
language-specific service exists. Built-in languages include C/C++ (via Visual
C++), VB.NET (via Visual Basic .NET), C# (via Visual C#), and F# (as of Visual
Studio 2010[3]). Support for other languages such as M, Python, and Ruby among
others is available via language services installed separately. It also
supports XML/XSLT, HTML/XHTML, JavaScript and CSS. Individual language-specific
versions of Visual Studio also exist which provide more limited language
services to the user: Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual J#, Visual C#, and Visual
C++.Visual C#. Microsoft Visual C#, Microsoft's implementation of the C#
language, targets the .NET Framework, along with the language services that
lets the Visual Studio IDE support C# projects. While the language services are
a part of Visual Studio, the compiler is available separately as a part of the
.NET Framework. The Visual C# 2008 compiler supports version 3.0 of the C#
language specifications. Visual C# supports the Visual Studio Class designer,
Forms designer, and Data designer among others.of usage of Microsoft Visual
Sudio:
· More effective work with the data.
With writing of the code, which works with the sources of data, for developers
it, as a rule, was necessary to study new technology or paradigm of access to
the data for each source. LINQ (Language-Integrated Query) - this is the
collection of lingual expansions for C# and Visual Basic and for the
infrastructure .NET Of framework 3.5. It makes it possible to use unified
approach and to write less than the code with the fulfillment of demands and
conversions, which are rotated to the collections of objects, ADO.NET, with
XML- given and relational data from the bases Microsoft SQL Server. To
programmers, who use LINQ, are accessible all means Visual Studio 2008, which
automate process of development: the auto-completion of operators, automatic
correction during the intellectual compilation and the technology IntelliSense.
All this makes it possible to expend less than the time on the study of the
syntax of access to the data in the languages like T-SQL or XPATH and to be concentrated
on data processing.
· Programming in different languages.
The environment of Visual Studio supports several most popular in the world
languages of programming, including Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual C++ and
JavaScript. Therefore it is suitable to the wide circle of developers for
writing of the most different applications. The solutions for Visual Studio,
created are more than 200 by strange companies, they ensure support of
additional languages and many other possibilities, making it possible to master
new languages, to improve its habits, to solve unique business- tasks and to be
occupied by different projects, employing the same customary means.
· The more convenient user interfaces.
Visual designers Visual Studio 2008 make it possible to create the powerful and
attractive applications, based on Windows Presentation Foundation - to graphic
subsystem .NET Of framework 3.5, which uses possibilities of contemporary video
card.
· Development of the connected
solutions and the ordering of the business- processes. With the aid of the
graphic designer and the diagnostic routine for Windows Communication
Foundation, entering Visual Studio 2008, the developers can easily connect
systems or applications. Regardless of the fact, what protocols and transports
are used, for the programming adapts general API. Analogously tools of Windows
Workflow Foundation make it possible to simulate software of the real business-
processes, allowing tools, with the aid of which simple to visualize, to
create, to edit and to fix working processes with the participation of people
or devices.
.Sublime Text 2Text 2 is a new version of a very powerful
editor that has primarily flown under the radar since 2008. Originally created
for Windows, the new beta version is now also available for Mac and also
Linux-based platforms. The version 2.0 is available in beta, but is very
stable, and even the developer releases are extremely solid and updated almost
daily. I propose that you should check out ST2 and consider it as your daily
go-to editor. This article is intended to show off some of the great features
of this modern and constantly evolving text editor.is a handful of the great
features that sets Sublime Text 2 above other editors:
· Mini-map overview graphic for
‘birds-eye-view’ of source
· Powerful command palette to quick
perform actions
· Easy file loading with file switching
panel
· Multiple selection capability
· Code-Folding
· Indent Guides
· Vintage mode for Vi key bindings
· Powerful multi-pane/Split-pane
editing
· Regex-based find and replace
· Support for Textmate themes
· Powerful plugin architecture
· Jump-to-function panel
· Remembers files on re-open
· Bracket matching
· Fully customizable key bindings
· Auto-complete and Snippets and Macros
· Full-screen / Distraction-free
editingto say that Sublime Text 2 is a feature-packed editor and makes it a
worthy alternative to the other popular editors out there on each platform. As
I use a mac, I will be using mac terminology in the information below, but most
of the tips and tricks translate directly to the Windows and Linux versions.-
Sublime Text 2 has always been quick, and now it’s both faster and leaner.
Startup times especially are now faster, although keep in mind that the first
time you start up after installing or upgrading, it’ll take longer than normal
as your packages are updated.Complete - Suggestions are now offered as you
type, to complete the current word or insert snippets. Because this uses
Sublime Text’s fuzzy matching algorithm, you can type just a few key characters
to quickly select the word you want to complete: No more typing
wow_this_function_name_is_really_long(), wtf<enter> will get you want you
want.
3. Google MapsMaps (formerly Google
Local) is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google,
that powers many map-based services, including the Google Maps website, Google
Ride Finder, Google Transit, and maps embedded on third-party websites via the
Google Maps API. It offers street maps, a route planner for traveling by foot,
car, bike (beta), kayak, or public transport and an urban business locator for
numerous countries around the world. Google Maps satellite images are not
updated in real time; they are several months or years old.
Google Maps uses a close variant of the Mercator projection,
so it cannot show areas around the poles. A related product is Google Earth, a
stand-alone program which offers more globe-viewing features, including showing
polar areas.many other Google web applications, Google Maps uses JavaScript
extensively. As the user drags the map, the grid squares are downloaded from
the server and inserted into the page. When a user searches for a business, the
results are downloaded in the background for insertion into the side panel and
map; the page is not reloaded. Locations are drawn dynamically by positioning a
red pin (composed of several partially transparent PNGs) on top of the map
images.Google Maps is coded almost entirely in JavaScript and XML, some end users
have reverse-engineered the tool and produced client-side scripts and
server-side hooks which allowed a user or website to introduce expanded or
customized features into the Google Maps interface. Using the core engine and
the map/satellite images hosted by Google, such tools can introduce custom
location icons, location coordinates and metadata, and even custom map image
sources into the Google Maps interface. The script-insertion tool Greasemonkey
provides a large number of client-side scripts to customize Google Maps
data.with photo sharing websites, such as Flickr, are used to create
"memory maps". Using copies of the Keyhole satellite photos, users
have taken advantage of image annotation features to provide personal histories
and information regarding particular points of the area.hidden IFrame with form
submission is used because it preserves browser history. The site also uses
JSON for data transfer rather than XML, for performance reasons. These
techniques both fall under the broad Ajax umbrella.October 2011, Google
announced MapsGL, a WebGL version of Maps with better renderings and smoother
transitions.the success of reverse-engineered mashups such as chicagocrime.org
and housingmaps.com, Google launched the Google Maps API in June 2005 to allow developers
to integrate Google Maps into their websites. It is a free service, and
currently[update] does not contain ads, but Google states in their terms of use
that they reserve the right to display ads in the future.using the Google Maps
API, it is possible to embed Google Maps site into an external website, on to
which site specific data can be overlaid. Although initially only a JavaScript
API, the Maps API has since expanded to include an API for Adobe Flash
applications, a service for retrieving static map images, and web services for
performing geocoding, generating driving directions, and obtaining elevation
profiles. Over 350,000 web sites use the Google Maps API, making it the most
heavily used web application development API.Google Maps API is free for
commercial use providing that the site on which it is being used is publicly
accessible and does not charge for access, and is not generating more than 25
000 map accesses a day. Sites that do not meet these requirements can purchase
Google Maps API Premier.success of the Google Maps API has spawned a number of
competing alternatives, including the Yahoo! Maps API, Bing Maps Platform,
MapQuest Development Platform, and OpenLayers.September 2011, Google announced
it would discontinue a number of its products, including Google Maps API for
Flashphones are being increasingly used for navigation assistance. Google Maps
Navigation for Android 2.0 is free.provided in the application:in plain
Englishby voiceviewalong routeviewViewdock mode
2. Experimentally-research section
.1 Business process of logistic operations
A business process or business method is a collection of
related, structured activities or tasks that produce a specific service or
product (serve a particular goal) for a particular customer or customers. It
often can be visualized with a flowchart as a sequence of activities.are three
types of business processes:
1) Management processes the processes that govern the
operation of a system. Typical management processes include "Corporate
Governance" and "Strategic Management".
2) Operational processes, processes that constitute the
core business and create the primary value stream. Typical operational
processes are Purchasing, Manufacturing, Marketing and Sales.
) Supporting processes, which support the core
processes. Examples include Accounting, Recruitment, Technical support.business
process begins with a customer’s need and ends with a customer’s need
fulfillment. Process oriented organizations break down the barriers of
structural departments and try to avoid functional silos.business process can
be decomposed into several sub-processes, which have their own attributes, but
also contribute to achieving the goal of the super-process. The analysis of
business processes typically includes the mapping of processes and
sub-processes down to activity level.Processes are designed to add value for
the customer and should not include unnecessary activities. The outcome of a
well designed business process is increased effectiveness (value for the customer)
and increased efficiency (less costs for the company).Processes can be modeled
through a large number of methods and techniques. For instance, the Business
Process Modeling Notation is a Business Process Modeling technique that can be
used for drawing business processes in a workflow.
.1.1 Business logisticsas a business concept evolved only in
the 1950s. This was mainly due to the increasing complexity of supplying one's
business with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalize
supply chain, calling for experts in the field who are called Supply Chain
Logisticians. This can be defined as having the right item in the right
quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price in the right
condition to the right customer and is the science of process and incorporates
all industry sectors. The goal of logistics work is to manage the fruition of
project life cycles, supply chains and resultant efficiencies.business,
logistics may have either internal focus (inbound logistics), or external focus
(outbound logistics) covering the flow and storage of materials from point of
origin to point of consumption (see supply chain management). The main
functions of a qualified logistician include inventory management, purchasing,
transportation, warehousing, consultation and the organizing and planning of
these activities. Logisticians combine a professional knowledge of each of
these functions so that there is a coordination of resources in an
organization. There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics. One
optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and
storage nodes. The other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some
project.
.1.2 Third - party logisticsparty logistics involves the utilization
of external organizations to execute logistics activities that have
traditionally been performed within an organization itself.[1] According to
this definition, third party logistics includes any form of outsourcing of
logistics activities previously performed in-house. If, for example, a company
with its own warehousing facilities decides to employ external transportation,
this would be an example of third party logistics. Logistics is one of the
emerging business area in many countries.management system and warehouse
control systemthere is some functionality overlap, the differences between
warehouse management systems (WMS) and warehouse control systems (WCS) can be
significant. To put it simply, the WMS plans a weekly activity forecast, based on
such factors as statistics, trends, and so forth, whereas a WCS acts like a
floor supervisor, working in real time to get the job done by the most
effective means. For instance, a WMS can tell the system it’s going to need
five of SKU A and five of SKU B, hours in advance, but by the time it acts,
other considerations may have come into play or there could be a potential
logjam on a conveyor. A WCS can prevent that problem by working in real time
and adapting to the situation by making a ‘last-minute decision’ based on
current activity and operational status. Working synergistically, WMS and WCS
can resolve these issues and maximize efficiency for companies that rely on the
effective operation of their warehouse or distribution center.
.1.3 Logistics operations and logistics functionsas a function in
a company. Logistics can be classified into various positions depending on how
it is viewed as a function in a company. If logistics plays a critical role in
a company’s success, it makes sense to position it in the functional
organization beside the basic functions of finance, production or human
resources. Another option could be further centralization of logistics. But it
is debatable whether this serves the cross-sectional function of logistics.as
an operational function. The functional organization is based on the
classification criterion of operations, and is frequently used in small and
mid-sized companies. Logistics can be included centrally or decentrally in the
current organizational structure as an additional operation. As a result, it is
put on the same level as other fundamental operational functions such as
production, sales and procurement. The basic condition for this is that
logistics is considered an operational function [1]. Broad centralization can
be achieved if logistics is placed directly under the managerial level.
However, the functional organization opens up wide design possibilities as
there are various types of this organizational form - this depends on the
degree of centralization, the hierarchical classification and the functional
place of logistics tasks in the present organizational units [2]. Despite the
possibility of creating a comprehensive centralization, it must be stressed
that a functional classification does not reflect the cross-sectional character
of logistics. For this reason, this classification is termed skeptically as the
“functional-silo approach”function is the integrated group of the logistics
operations routed on implementation of the purposes of logistics systemmodern
tasks of logistics distinguish two sorts of functions: operative and
coordination.character of functions is linked to direct traffic control of
material assets in sphere of supply, production and allocation.functions in
supply sphere concern handle of movement of production from the supplier or the
item of their acquisition industrial firms, warehouses or trading storages.a
phase of production the storekeeping including the control of movement of
intermediate products and components through all stages of production, and also
finished goods moving on wholesale warehouses and retail commodity markets
becomes logistics function.function by production allocation cover the end
streams operative organization of production from firm-manufacturer to
consumers.of logistics coordination functions concern: revealing, the analysis
of requirements for material resources of various phases and production parts;
the analysis of the markets on which the firm, and forecasting of behavior of
other sources of these markets operates; the data processing, concerning orders
and requirements of clients.enumerated functions of logistics consist in supply
and demand coordination on the goods. In this sense marketing and logistics are
closely interconnected, and the affirmed formula - «marketing forms demand, and
logistics it realizes» - has under itself powerful from-carrying. To a certain
extent the formula is applicable and to coordination of mutual relations of
logistics and production (figure 3).the limits of coordination functions of
logistics one more of its directions - the operational planning dictated by
tendency to reduce stores was selected, without reducing efficiency of
industrial and marketing activity of corporations. Its essence consists that on
the basis of the forecast of the demand adjusted later at arrival of real
orders, schedules of transportations and as a whole an order of storekeeping of
finished goods which as a result and define production planning, development of
programs of supply by its raw materials and completing products are developed.
3. Logistics functions schema.
.2 Simulation of the system
means (from Computer Aided Software/System Engineering) make
it possible to design any systems on the computer. The necessary element of
systems and structural-functional analysis, CASE- means allow to model business
processes, databases, software components, activity and structure of the
organizations. Activities are applicable practically in all spheres. Result of
applying the CASE- means - optimization of systems, reduction in the
expenditures, an increase in the effectiveness, and reduction in the
probability of errors.conducting of analysis and reorganization of the
business- processes PLATINUM of technology proposes the CASE- means of the
upper level Of BPwin, which supports methodologies IDEFO (functional model),
IDEF3 (WorkFlow diagram) and DFD (DataFlow diagram). Functional model is
intended for describing the existing business- processes in enterprise (the
so-called model AS -IS) and ideal state of affairs - that, what it is necessary
to approach (model TO -BE). Methodology IDEFO prescribes the construction of
the hierarchical system of diagrams - the single descriptions of the fragments
of system. First is conducted description of the system as a whole and its
interaction with the surrounding peace (contextual diagram), after which is
conducted functional decomposition - system it is divided off into the
subsystems and each subsystem is described separately (diagram of decomposition).
Then each subsystem is divided off into the smaller and so on before reaching
of the necessary degree of detail. The session of the examination is conducted
after each session of decomposition: each diagram is checked by the experts of
subject area, by representatives of customer, by people, which directly
participate in the business- process. This technology of the creation of model
makes it possible to build the model, adequate of subject area at all levels of
the abstracting.
.2.1 UML DiagramsModeling Language (UML) is a standardized
general-purpose modeling language in the field of software engineering.Unified
Modeling Language (UML) is used to specify, visualize, modify, construct and
document the artifacts of an object-oriented software intensive system under
development. UML offers a standard way to visualize a system's architectural
blueprints, including elements such as:
· actors
· business processes
· (logical) components
· activities
· programming language statements
· database schemas, and
· reusable software componentscombines
techniques from data modeling (entity relationship diagrams), business modeling
(work flows), object modeling, and component modeling. It can be used with all
processes, throughout the software development life cycle, and across different
implementation technologies.is very important to distinguish between the UML
model and the set of diagrams of a system. A diagram is a partial graphical
representation of a system's model. The model also contains a "semantic
backplane" - documentation such as written use cases that drive the model
elements and diagrams.diagrams represent two different views of a system model:
· Static (or structural) view:
Emphasizes the static structure of the system using objects, attributes,
operations and relationships. The structural view includes class diagrams and
composite structure diagrams.
· Dynamic (or behavioral) view:
Emphasizes the dynamic behaviour of the system by showing collaborations among
objects and changes to the internal states of objects. This view includes
sequence diagrams, activity diagrams and state machine diagrams.diagrams can be
categorized hierarchically as shown in the following class diagram:
4. Categories of UML diagrams
overview. UML 2.2 has 14 types of diagrams divided into two
categories. Seven diagram types represent structural information, and the other
seven represent general types of behavior, including four that represent
different aspects of interactions.general, every UML element may appear on
almost all types of diagrams; this flexibility has been partially restricted in
UML 2.0. UML profiles may define additional diagram types or extend existing
diagrams with additional notations.diagrams. Structure diagrams emphasize what
things must be in the system being modeled:
· Class diagram: the class diagrams
describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their
attributes, and the relationships.
· Component diagram: depicts how a
software system is split up into components and shows the dependencies among
these components.
· Composite structure diagram:
describes the internal structure of a class and the collaborations that this
structure makes possible.
· Deployment diagram: serves to model
the hardware used in system implementations, and the execution environments.
· Object diagram: shows a complete or
partial view of the structure of a modeled system at a specific time.
· Package diagram: depicts how a system
is split up into logical groupings by showing the dependencies among these
groupings.
· Profile diagram: operates at the
metamodel level to show stereotypes as classes with the
<<stereotype>> stereotype, and profiles as packages with the
<<profile>> stereotype.diagrams. Behavior diagrams emphasize what
must happen in the system being modeled:
· Activity diagram: represents the
business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An
activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.
· State machine diagram: standardized
notation to describe many systems, from computer programs to business
processes.
· Use case diagram: shows the
functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals represented
as use cases, and any dependencies among those use cases.diagrams. Interaction
diagrams, a subset of behaviour diagrams, emphasize the flow of control and
data among the things in the modeling system:
· Communication diagram: shows the
interactions between objects or parts in terms of sequenced messages.
· Interaction overview diagram: are
types of activity diagram in which the nodes represent interaction diagrams.
· Sequence diagram: shows how objects
communicate with each other in terms of a sequence of messages.
· Timing diagrams: are a specific type
of interaction diagram, where the focus is on timing constraints.the module
“Log of demand” manager of logistics carries out following functions (Fig.5 ):
5. Use case diagram
ü Creation and management of the
demand;
ü Review of the demand history
ü Demand search
ü Review of the personal accounts
reference«Creation and management of the demand» is the most general, expanded
problem in relation to another. To carry out all other operations, first of
all, it is necessary to create the demand and to work it. The simple scheme of
work with the demand in case of its successful end looks thus:
6. Activity diagram
In figure 7 the sequence diagram for successful working off
of the demand is presented.
Figure7. Sequence diagram for successful demand working off.
it is the simplified scheme which is developed to understand
process of work with the demand.operations with the demand are supposed some
more, the work scheme is presented by the diagram of demands management (Fig.
8). Using the diagram of demands management it is possible to track easily,
what new actions can be carried out after this or that operation. For example,
after demand creation following actions are possible: sorting on a route,
carrying over by date, updating of requisites, refusal of the demand. sort by
buses, the transfer of routing updates by date and time, the rejection of a
particular route or bus. After each of these operations the demand status
varies and other operations or the same according to the status are possible.
8. State diagram
enterprise, carrying out the activity, for reception of production
from suppliers should conclude with the last the contract on production
delivery. Usually on production with the same name the enterprise-customer
concludes some contracts with the enterprises-suppliers. Then the customer in
process of requirement for certain production sends to the supplier the demand
for delivery of production and receives from the last the invoice in which the
name of production and its cost price is specified. On the basis of these
accounts the enterprise-customer defines the optimum demand and sends to the
supplier the order for production delivery. After reception of ordered
production the customer sends the account in accounts department which pays it
in bank in a current of the term provided by the contract.sequence diagram of
this task:
Figure 9.Sequence diagram.
.3 Physical design of the program application
.3.1 JavaScriptis one of the most simple, versatile and
effective languages used to extend functionality in websites. Uses range from
on screen visual effects to processing and calculating data on web pages with
ease as well as extended functionality to websites using third party scripts
among several other handy features, however it also possesses some negative
effects that might make you want to think twice before implementing Javascript
on your website.may be considered a derivative of the programming language
Java. But while both are tools for providing interactivty into web pages, they
are as different as bananas and papayas.
Java is a complex programming
environment where you create packaged ("compiled") software
applications that you can insert into a web page. The learning curve for Java
is monumental at best (despite claims of the expanding number of software tools).
On the other hand, JavaScript offers a simpler set of programming instructions
that you can enter directly among the HTML formatting of your web pages, and
code that can be easily accessed and modified.JavaScript, to create interactive
forms (web pages with fields, buttons, and menus) you needed to write computer
programs ("CGI" scripts) that resided on and ran from a web server.
But with JavaScript, you can perform many form tasks without connecting to a
web server. In the jargon, we are processing on the "client-side".better,
JavaScript allows you to create content that is dynamic, so that the code
inside one web page can produce many different types of displays and features
depending on the viewer's actions, including the images that change when you
move the mouse over a graphic.should note that while JavaScript is much simpler
than Java, it is quite a step up from formatting HTML. It might scare you off
when you see what JavaScript code looks like! The scripts we will show you are
clearly documented, and we will tell you exactly how to alter the contents of
the JavaScript code.combined with the absolute screen positioning available in
web browsers that support HTML 4.0 provide what is known as Dynamic HTML, or
DHTMLof JavaScript:
· Javascript is executed on
the client side
· This means that the code
is executed on the user's processor instead of the web server thus saving
bandwidth and strain on the web server.
· Javascript is a relatively
easy language
· The Javascript language is
relatively easy to learn and comprises of syntax that is close to English. It
uses the DOM model that provides plenty of prewritten functionality to the
various objects on pages making it a breeze to develop a script to solve a custom
purpose.
· Javascript is relatively
fast to the end user
· As the code is executed on
the user's computer, results and processing is completed almost instantly
depending on the task (tasks in javascript on web pages are usually simple so
as to prevent being a memory hog) as it does not need to be processed in the
site's web server and sent back to the user consuming local as well as server
bandwidth.
· Extended functionality to
web pages
· Third party add-ons like
Greasemonkey enable Javascript developers to write snippets of Javascript which
can execute on desired web pages to extend its functionality. If you use a
website and require a certain feature to be included, you can write it yourself
and use an add-on like Greasemonkey to implement it on the web page.
.3.2 CSSwas first developed in 1997, as a way for Web
developers to define the look and feel of their Web pages. It was intended to
allow developers to separate content from design so that HTML could perform
more of the function that it was originally based on - the markup of content,
without worry about the design and layout.didn't gain in popularity until
around 2000, when Web browsers began using more than the basic font and color
aspects of CSS. And now, all modern browsers support all of CSS Level 1, most
of CSS Level 2, and some aspects of CSS Level 3.Designers that don't use CSS
for their design and development of Web sites are rapidly becoming a thing of
the past. And it is arguably as important to understand CSS as it is to know
HTML - and some would say it was more important to know CSS.is an
Abbreviationstands for Cascading Style Sheet.sheet refers to the document
itself. Style sheets have been used for document design for years. They are the
technical specifications for a layout, whether print or online. Print designers
use style sheets to insure that their designs are printed exactly to
specifications. A style sheet for a Web page serves the same purpose, but with
the added functionality of also telling the viewing engine (the Web browser)
how to render the document being viewed.is the special part. A Web style sheet
is intended to cascade through a series of style sheets, like a river over a
waterfall. The water in the river hits all the rocks in the waterfall, but only
the ones at the bottom affect exactly where the water will flow. The same is
true of the cascade in Web style sheets.Web page is affected by at least one
style sheet, even if the Web designer doesn't apply any styles. This style
sheet is the user agent style sheet - the default styles that the Web browser
will use to display a page if no other instructions are provided. But if the
designer provides other instructions, the browser needs to know which
instructions have precedence.example, in my Web browser, the default font is
"Times New Roman" size 16. But nearly no pages I visit display in
that font family and size. This is because the cascade defines the second style
sheets set by the designers to redefine the font size and family and override
my Web browser's defaults.is used to style Web pages. But there is more to it
than that. CSS is used to style XHTML and XML markup. This means that anywhere
you have XML markup (including XHTML) you can use CSS to define how it will
look.is also used to define how Web pages should look when viewed in other
media than a Web browser. For example, you can create a print style sheet that
will define how the Web page should print out and another style sheet to
display the Web page on a projector for a slide show.is one of the most powerful
tools a Web designer can learn because with it you can affect the entire mood
and tone of a Web site. Well written style sheets can be updated quickly and
allow sites to change what is prioritized or valued without any changes to the
underlying XHTML.challenge of CSS is that there is so much to learn. But it
doesn't seem like it. After all, there are only around 60 properties in CSS
Level 1 and around 70 in CSS Level 2. Compared with the number of HTML tags and
attributes to learn, that can feel like a cake walk.because CSS can cascade,
and combine and browsers interpret the directives differently, CSS is more
difficult than plain HTML. But once you start using it, you'll see that
harnessing the power of CSS will give you more options and allow you to do more
and more things with your Web sites.
.3.3 HTMLMarkup Language (HTML) is the main markup language
for web pages. HTML elements are the basic building-blocks of webpages.is
written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle
brackets (like <html>), within the web page content. HTML tags most
commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>, although some tags,
known as empty elements, are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag
in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called
opening tags and closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add
text, tags, comments and other types of text-based content.purpose of a web
browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web
pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to
interpret the content of the page.elements form the building blocks of all
websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to
create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by
denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists,
links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as
JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML webpages.browsers can also refer
to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and
other material. The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards,
encourages the use of CSS over explicitly presentational HTML markup.first
publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML
Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991. It
describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML.
Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an
in-house SGML based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements
still exist in HTML 4.markup language is a markup language that web browsers
use to interpret and compose text, images and other material into visual or audible
web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in
the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web
page designer's additional use of CSS. Many of the text elements are found in
the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML, which in turn
covers the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the
RUNOFF command developed in the early 1960s for the CTSS (Compatible
Time-Sharing System) operating system: these formatting commands were derived
from the commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However,
the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated
ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with also the
separation of structure and processing; HTML has been progressively moved in
this direction with CSS.Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It
was formally defined as such by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with
the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification:
"Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet-Draft by Berners-Lee and
Dan Connolly, which included an SGML Document Type Definition to define the
grammar.[8] The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its
acknowledgement of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line
images, reflecting the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful
prototypes.[9] Similarly, Dave Raggett's competing Internet-Draft, "HTML+
(Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing
already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms.[10]the HTML and
HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group,
which in 1995 completed "HTML 2.0", the first HTML specification
intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations
should be based.[9] Published as Request for Comments 1866, HTML 2.0 included
ideas from the HTML and HTML+ drafts.[11] The 2.0 designation was intended to
distinguish the new edition from previous drafts.[12]development under the
auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996, the HTML
specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software
vendors, by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).[13] However, in 2000, HTML
also became an international standard (ISO/IEC 15445:2000). HTML 4.01 was
published in late 1999, with further errata published through 2001. In 2004
development began on HTML5 in the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working
Group (WHATWG), which became a joint deliverable with the W3C in 2008.
3. Technological Section
part describes the demo version of a software application, as
the thesis is one part of a larger project that is currently in development. It
also describes the development of application software and its use.main
advantages of the program, that it is possible to see movement in real time.
Works in Online mode, so users have accurate information. The main type of
interface is shown on figure 10:
10. The passage of buses along the
route.
mentioned in the first part of software application designed
for three types of users.greatest privileges are of administrators. They are
the system administrators of the company. To add a new route in the program
must know specify all the coordinates of the corners of stops and turns. In the
program, as shown on figure 11, using the right mouse button you can find the
coordinates of a point.
11. The coordinates of points on the
map
where the first digit is the longitude and the second width
of the coordinates. So the administrator can see all the coordinates needed to
add a new route. And all the coordinates are stored in arrays. Since the program
is written in JavaScript, for easy implementation of software applications
using arrays. An array is a set of values identified by the index. Usually, the
array is allocated contiguous chunk of memory of a given length. In JavaScript,
this is not true. Arrays in JavaScript is a simple object with a unique
designer and an additional set of properties and methods inherited from
Array.prototype. Because of this performance will be slightly worse, but this
is offset by ease of use and powerful set of tools. In contrast to the array in
other programming languages, JavaScript arrays are very easy to use. The array
can contain any object or an elementary type. Several types of data can
simultaneously be in the same array. Javascript supports two types of structure
"array":
· An associative array (hash), where
data is stored in an arbitrary key.
· Numeric array Array, where data is
stored by number.- a very flexible language, so technically in Array can store
arbitrary keys as in Object.of the use of arrays that you can specify the
length of the array during its creation. But since JavaScript does not require
pre-allocate memory for arrays and their length can be changed at any time, it
is debatable advantage. The array can contain any object or an elementary type.
Several types of data can simultaneously be in the same array.unique properties
of the array: The most important property of the array - length. In other
words, it is calculated as: (a numerical value of the last index) 1. Arrays are
not bounded above in length. You can add an element whose index is greater than
(length - 1) and the length property is changed according to the definition
above. So no matter how much we did not specify the coordinates in the program,
we will still succeed in adding a new route.is also a managers who watch over
the correct passage of the bus route. They sit at their computers and can see
any bus which is currently at work. Since the program is written in JavaScript,
for easy implementation of application software using the drop-down lists, how
you can see on the figure 12.
12. The maps of bus route
drivers can only see their own individual screen, as shown on
figure 13.
Figure 13. Drivers windowthe of the program are two buses, as
shown in figure 14:
- green bus that moves on a programmed route and time. This
bus is the simulation, which shows the bus driver how to drive, and with it the
driver can focus on time and on the road. There's also a red bus as shown in
figure 15:
- this sign shows the location of the bus with the help of a
real bus JPS navigator. Also on the program of the whole picture can be seen in
satellite mode, more simulation are given in Appendix A.graphical interface
window design shown on Appendix A.
4. Economical analysis
shows that because of the irrational planned routes and lack
of control the location of transport companies transport costs are increased by
20-40%. Inefficient logistics management results in excessive mileage and fuel
consumption, less than optimal use of fleet vehicles and simplenon-compliance
with the conditions of transport drivers.
1 - Input data
№ п\п
|
Indicator
|
Symbols
|
The value of the
indicator
|
|
|
|
Passenger transport
|
1
|
Mark PS
|
-
|
|
2
|
The average
number of cars, ed.
|
Asp
|
116
|
3
|
First Class
|
lcр1 lcр2
lcр3 lcр4
|
|
4
|
Second-class
|
lеp
|
6,99
|
5
|
Third-class
|
tenge
|
9,00
|
6
|
Fourth-class
|
αb
|
0,66
|
7
|
The average
length of haul, thousands of miles
|
β
|
0,48
|
8
|
Graduation rate
of cars on the line
|
YQ1 YQ2 YQ3 YQ4
|
|
9
|
Ratio of run
|
Yn
|
0,56
|
10
|
The distribution
volume of cargo in a Class-X% of the total traffic
|
ηcm
|
2,93
|
11
|
First Class
|
VI
|
22,54
|
2 - Technical data buses
The number of
seats at peak times
|
67
|
Kerb weight, kg
|
6850
|
Gross vehicle weight, kg
|
11610
|
Turning radius,
m along the axis of the outer front wheel track the outer marker
|
8,5 9,6
|
Maximum speed, km / h
|
80
|
The filling volume of
|
150
|
The production program of shuttle busaverage daily mileage
per bus km
сс = VI
· tenge;
сс =
9,00 · 22,54 = 202,9 kmaverage number of flights on the route of a bus for a
day:
= VI · tenge · β/ lep · ηcm;
= 22,54 · 9,00 · 0,48/ 6,99 · 2,93 = 5.of passengers carried
per day a bus, pass:
Qday = q · γn · ηcm
· Zp = q · γn · VI · tenge · β/ lep;
= 67 · 0,56 · 22,54 · 9,00 · 0,48/ 6,99 = 523 pass.
Passenger bus for one day, pass-km
Pday = Qday lep = q ·
γn · VI · tenge · β;
= 523 · 6,99 = 3656 pass-kmproduction program for a year
around the bus depotof flights buses per year, ed.
= ADE • Z;= 30 485 • 3 = 91 455;= 27,944 • 5 = 139 720.with
passengers km
(pass) = Lobsch • β;
(pass) a = 4472149,5 • 0,90 = 4024934,6 km;(pass) 2 =
5669837,6 • 0,48 = 2721522,1 kmvolume of passenger transportation, t (pass)
= ADE • Qsut;
= 30 485 402 402 • 13,2 = t;= 27,944 • 523 = 14,614,712
passengers.
The calculation results are summarized in the table:
3 - Indicators of transport company for the year
Name of indicators
|
Value
|
Route of bus
|
1
|
2
|
4
|
Ratio of run
|
-
|
0,48
|
Time to work
|
h
|
9,00
|
The idle time
for loading and unloading of haul
|
h
|
|
Average schedule speed
|
Km/h
|
|
Operating speed
|
Km/h
|
22,54
|
Carrying
capacity (total capacity) of the bus
|
t pass
|
67
|
Bus-days in
|
b-d
|
27944
|
Vehicle-hours of work
|
b-h
|
251496
|
The number of
rider with cargo flight Coach
|
Bal.
|
5
|
The total mileage
|
Km
|
5669837,6
|
passenger turnover
|
pass-km
|
101066464
|
, t • km (pass-km)= ADE • Psut;
= 30,485 • 548,6 = 16,724,071 t • km;= 27 944 = 3656 • 101
066 464 pass-km
Determining the cost of transportationof transport is the
cost of the enterprise in terms of money transport unit to perform the work and
is determined by dividing the sum of costs of the enterprise for a period of
time to operate the car park, performed during this period the transport
operation. The transport work is calculated depending on the type of transport
in ton-kilometers, pass-km. Cost of transport is determined by the formula:
costs of rolling stock are divided into variable and
fixed. For variable costs include costs for fuel, lubricants, wear and tear on
the restoration and repair of tires, maintenance and repair of rolling stock,
the depreciation on the full recovery. By the constant expenses include
expenses for salaries of drivers overhead.costscosts are determined by
multiplying the standard cost of 1 km run on an annual mileage of cars.fuel
costs for 1 km, tenge / km, determined by the formula:
l
q - standard fuel consumption of 1 km, l;- the price
of a liter of fuel, tenge
Сt1 = 0,31 · 20,00 = 6,2 tenge/km
Сt2 = 0,43 · 16,00 = 6,88 tenge/km.fuel
consumption by 1 km, l, for on-board vehicles is given by:
the CCM - the rate of fuel consumption per 100 km, l;-
an additional rate of fuel consumption per 100 km, liter;
.05 - coefficient taking into account the increase in
fuel consumption in winter conditions and input needs.= 1,05 • (25/100 + 1.3 /
8 100 • 0,52 • 0,9) = 0,31 l / kmfuel consumption by 1 km, L, for the buses is
given by:= 1,05 • 41/100 = 0.43 liters / kmcosts for lubricants, tenge / km,
determined by the formula:
Nm - the engine oil consumption rate per 100 liters of
fuel, l;- transmission oil consumption rate per 100 liters of fuel, l;- normal
flow of grease per 100 liters of fuel, kg;, the MDGs, the Central Committee -
respectively, the price of 1 liter of engine oil, transmission oil and 1 kg of
grease, tenge.= 0,31 • (3,2 / 100 + 0.4 • 100/100 + 0.3 • 180/100 • 220) = 1,42
tenge / km= 0,43 • (2,4 / 100 + 0.3 • 100/100 + 0.2 • 180/100 • 220) = 1,45
tenge / kmcost of restoration and repair of tire wear on the 1 km, tenge / km,
is given by:
Hm - normal cost for 1000 kilometers,%;- the price of
one set of tires, tenge.;- the number of wheels (without reserve) on the car.=
0,89 • 2500 • 10/100 • 1000 = 0,22 tenge / km= 0,91 • • 2500 6/100 • 1000 =
0,14 tenge / kmcosts of maintenance and repair of motor vehicles operating at 1
km, tenge / km, determined by the formula:
the Sts and ts - normal maintenance costs and
operational car repairs for 1000 kilometers, tenge.= 725.4 / 1000 = 0,73 tenge
/ km= 603.8 / 1000 = 0,6 tenge / kmrate of costs to be determined taking into
account the mode of the vehicle (with trailer, semitrailer, a single vehicle),
operating conditions.
Fixed
costs
Fixed costs are determined by multiplying vehicle-hours AChe
the costs of salaries and overhead costs attributable to 1 hour.cost of wages
of drivers falling for one hour, made up of basic salary Zosn, which includes
the salary at the rate of Sm, allowances for proficiency Zkl, premiums from the
payroll ANW, surcharges for freight Zeksp, additional wages Zdop, charges for
social Insurance Zsots, tenge / hcosts of wages are determined by the formula:
=
163,5 10,55 57,23 40,88 27,2 = 299,36 tenge / h= 30,6 2,1 13,77 4,65 = 51,12
tenge / hrates per ton of Art and per ton-kilometer Stkm defined by the
regulations in accordance with the type and capacity of the vehicle, the type
of goods, way to perform loading and unloading operations, the operating
conditions of the rolling stock, taking into account correction factors at work
vehicle with a trailer or load in both directions .drivers' wages at a rate
equal to the hourly wage rate:
= Gv,
Cq - hourly wage rate of class 2 drivers, tenge=
7700/9 • 7 • 4 = 30,6 tenge / hallowance, tenge / h for truck drivers is
determined by the formula:Cq - hourly wage rate of Class 3 driver, tenge / h;,
N2 - the proportion of drivers class 1 and 2, is determined by the student
themselves.= (16875/10 • 6 • 4) • (0,25 • 0,5 0,1 • 0,25) = 70,3 • 0,15 = 10,55
tenge / h(tenge / h) are determined estimates of production costs. To simplify
the calculations, average hourly overhead costs on a car you can use the standards
costs a bus that emerged in the practice of trucking companies.overhead for a
bus, tenge / h, are determined by the formula:
,
commercial vehicles:
= 508 • 144/304850 = 0,24 tenge.:= 380 • 116/251496 =
0,18 tenge., the total fixed cost for the bus:
= 71,24 • 251,496 = 17,916,575 tenge.are determined by
dividing the income tenge cost tenge for each item of income.
'per = Cper • Lobsch / A'post Cpost • ANC / DA
total cost for each brand of vehicle is defined as the
sum of the calculated components, tenge / tkm (tenge / pass-km), according to
the formula:
calculation results are reduced costs in Table 4.
the cost of transportation4
Items of expenditure
|
Expenses bu bus
|
|
Bus
|
10 pass-km, tenge
|
Incom, tenge
|
%
|
Variable costs, total:
|
Fuel
|
6,88
|
3,8
|
0,33
|
54,5
|
Lubricants and maintenance
materials
|
1,45
|
0,8
|
0,07
|
11,48
|
Depreciation and
repair of tires
|
0,14
|
0,08
|
0,007
|
1,14
|
TO and exp. PC
repair
|
0,6
|
0,33
|
0,03
|
4,7
|
Depreciation on
the full restoration of Fixed costs,
total:
|
0,3
|
0,17
|
0,015
|
2,4
|
Fixed expenses,
total:
|
earn card
drivers with charges
|
51,12
|
1,3
|
0,11
|
18,72
|
Charges for social
insurance
|
19,94
|
0,49
|
0,04
|
7
|
Overhead
|
0,18
|
0,004
|
0,0004
|
0,06
|
Total:
|
80,61
|
6,97
|
0,6
|
100
|
represent the amount of cash payments made for the transport
company they transport and other services
To determine income for the transportation work should choose
the kinds of tariffs for cargo transportation vehicles designed transport
company, to justify their choice of /, 10 /distribution the total cargo
transported in groups, in line with that, what kind of transportation tariffs
will be implemented. Results distribution traffic volumes are reduced by group
in Table. 5, 6, and proceeds are used to determine D.tariff for the
transportation of one ton of cargo i-th class now.average revenue rate (tenge/10
tkm, tenge/10 pass-km) is determined by dividing the amount of gross income for
the transport operation D on annual turnover or a passenger:= 116 917 696 ∙
10/101066464 = 11.57 tenge/10 pass-k
5 Determination of income and an exceptional piece-rates
Average haul cargo
|
transport km
|
The amount of
gross income, now
|
1
|
45,48
|
28980000
|
2
|
24,90
|
25695600
|
3
|
21,22
|
26045400
|
4
|
50,89
|
113400000
|
Total:
|
142,49
|
194121000
|
logistics system informational
Revenues for the transportation of passengers in urban and
suburban transportation (USD) are determined by multiplying the tariff for the
carriage of a passenger on the number of passengers:
D - the tariff for the carriage of a passenger in a
city:- volume of passenger traffic, pass.= 14,614,712 116, tenge.balance sheet
profit, tenge:
the P- profit from doing traffic now.;from other types
of business, now:
bus: Pb = lim = 46474371 tenge.
5.Labor
protection and health safety
section is written with a view of the law of the Republic of
Kazakhstan on the health and safety of the February 28, 2004 y., 528-II ЗРК, labor law in the Republic of
Kazakhstan dated 10.12.99, 493-I, the law on fire safety on 22.11.96, the law
on industrial safety at hazardous production facilities of 03.04.02 314- II ЗРК [18-21].at work - the state of
working conditions under which the possible impact on the working of harmful
factors.Protection - a system to preserve the life and health of employees in
the course of employment, which includes the legal, socio-economic and
organizational - technical, sanitary, medical and preventive treatment,
rehabilitation and other measures.problem of labor protection is to minimize
the risk of infestation or disease running at the same time providing comfort
with maximum productivity.law of the Labor Protection reflects the following
rules and regulations: rules for organizations from enterprises, regulations on
accident prevention and health regulations, rules that ensure the protection of
individual workers from occupational diseases, rules and regulations of the
special protection of women, youth and persons with reduced working capacity;
law, which provides for liability for violation of legislation on labor
protection.healthy and safe working conditions imposed on the administration of
the enterprise. Administration of the enterprise is obliged to introduce modern
means of safety to ensure sanitary conditions and prevent occupational diseases
of workers.aims of accident prevention AGB imposes on the administration of the
company following functions: briefing on accident prevention, industrial
hygiene and fire safety.are several types of instruction: introductory, primary
in the workplace, secondary, unplanned, current. Induction training required to
pass all newly arriving at the company, as well as seconded person. Primary
workplace conducted with all who joined. Secondary - not less than six months.
His goal - restoring the memory of the working rules for accident prevention,
as well as parsing of specific violations.accident prevention done when a
change process, rules of labor protection or the introduction of new
technology.instruction is carried out by employees before work which is made
the admission in the outfit.is also necessary in offices in designated places
to hang out stands with the rules of accident prevention instructions.
Safety
requirements of workspace
Building (construction), which posted the jobs on the
constitution must be consistent with their functional purpose and requirements
of occupational health and safety. Working equipment must meet safety standards
established for this type of equipment, have appropriate warning signs and
provided with guards or protective devices to ensure safety of employees in the
workplace. Emergency routes and exits of employees from the premises must be
left open and display the open air or in the safe zone. Hazardous areas must be
clearly marked. If the jobs are located in hazardous areas, which due to the
nature of the risk to the employee or falling objects, such places should be
equipped with devices as possible, barring access to these areas to outsiders.
Pedestrians on the territory of the organization and technology, vehicles must
travel in a safe environment. Workers should have the means of individual
protection for work in hazardous industrial facilities (stations), including
height, ground conditions, the open cells on the shelf seas and inland waters.
During working hours, temperature, natural and artificial lighting and
ventilation in the room where the jobs are located, must comply with safe
working conditions. Employees are allowed to work in hazardous conditions
(dust, fumes and other factors) after providing the employer safe working
conditions.conditions (or climate) in the production are determined by the
following parameters: air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and
pressure. However, on human health is strongly influenced by pressure
differences. The quantity of heat Q by the human body depends on the degree of
stress in certain circumstances and may range from 80 J / s (at rest) to 500 J
/ s (hard work).environmental impact of heat convection and radiation is
terminated. With decreasing Environment blood vessels narrow and blood flow to
the surface of the body slows down and the heat transfer decreases. At high
temperatures, room air blood vessels dilate°Humidity affects the body's thermoregulation: high
humidity (over 85%) makes it difficult to regulate its temperature by reducing
the evaporation of sweat, and too low (less than 20%) - causes drying of the
mucous membrane solid resulting in increased blood flow to the body surface and
heat transfer in the environment grows. The optimum value of moisture content
of 40-60%. Air movement has a big impact on well-being. In winter, the air
velocity should not exceed 0,2-0,5 m / s, and in summer - 0,2-1 m / sec. The
velocity of the air may have an adverse impact on the spread of harmful
substances.
Requirements
for the microclimatic conditions
Under optimum microclimatic parameters are taken to mean that
during long-term and systemic effects in humans ensure the preservation of
normal function and the thermal state of the body without the stress reactions
of thermoregulation, create a feeling of thermal comfort and are a prerequisite
for a high level of performance. To create an optimal microclimatic conditions
should take into account the temperature, relative humidity and air velocity.6
lists according to СНиП РК 4.02-05-2001 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning"
values of the parameters of the microclimate, which create a comfortable
working environment.desired composition of the air can be achieved by
performing the following activities:
) The application of technological processes and equipment,
excluding the formation of harmful substances. Of great importance is sealing
equipment, which contains harmful substances;
) Protection of sources of thermal radiation;
) The device heating and ventilation;
) The use of personal protective equipment.
Table 6 - Microclimate parameters
Period
|
Microclimate parameter
|
Value
|
Cold
|
Room temperature
|
22…24 °С
|
|
Relative
humidity
|
40…60 %
|
|
The velocity of
air
|
до 0,1 mps
|
Warm
|
Room temperature
|
23…25 °С
|
|
Relative
humidity
|
40…60 %
|
|
The velocity of
air
|
0,1…0,2 mps
|
Classification
of ventilation systems
The objective of ventilation is to provide cleaner air in the
given weather conditions. By way of moving air ventilation is natural and
mechanical.ventilation system should not create noise in the workplace. It must
be electric and non-hazardous.ventilation. Ventilation with natural ventilation
is due to the temperature difference between air inside and outside, which
causes flow of cold air into the room. With the dried up part of the building
creates a low pressure, so that is extract warm air pollution from the
premises. On the windward side of the building creates excessive pressure,
resulting in the fresh air enters the room. Natural ventilation can be
organized and disorganized. Unorganized ventilation is through leaks windows,
air vents and special openings. Organized is maintained through natural
ventilation and aeration vents.conditioning. Air-conditioning - automatic
maintenance of the premises, regardless of external conditions of temperature,
humidity, cleanliness and air velocity. Air conditioning is used to create the
necessary sanitation facilities.
Air Conditioning - air handling unit, which with the help of instruments of
auto regulation maintains indoor air quality parameters which are
defined.precipitators. Used for air purification from dust and mist.
For medium and fine air filters are used, in which dust-laden air is passed
through a porous filter material. Deposition of solid and fatty particles on
filter elements occurs through contact with the surface of the particle pores.
The mechanism of particle deposition, caused by the action of inertial forces,
gravitational forces, the Brownian diffusion of gases and the effect of touch.
As the filter material fabric, felt, paper, steel wool, porous ceramics and
porous metals are used.
Requirements
for noise and vibration levels
Noise affects the working conditions, providing harmful
effect on the human body. The permissible levels of sound pressure, sound level
and equivalent sound levels in the workplace must meet the requirements of СНиП II-12-77 "Protection against
noise". Table 7 are limiting sound levels depending on the category of
severity and intensity of work, are safe for health maintenance and
performance.noise level in the workplace mathematicians, programmers and
operators of video should not exceed 50dB, and in the halls of processing on
computers to 65dB.
7 - Maximum sound levels in dB in the workplace
Category of
labor intensity
|
Category of
labor severity
|
|
I. Low
|
II. Medium
|
III. High
|
IV. Very high
|
I. Low stressful
|
80
|
80
|
75
|
75
|
II. Medium stressful
|
70
|
70
|
65
|
65
|
II. Stressful
|
60
|
60
|
-
|
-
|
III. Very stressful
|
50
|
50
|
-
|
-
|
Lighting
When light industrial buildings use natural light,
artificial, carried out bulbs and combined. Natural light is divided into a
lateral (through windows), upper (via aeration lights, ceiling openings),
combined.light can be of two kinds: general and combined. General lighting is
even without taking into account the location of the object and the total
localized taking into account the location of jobs. Application of a local
lighting inside the building is not allowed. For administrative and storage
facilities can be used for general lighting system. By their functional
artificial lighting divided: business, emergency, evacuation, safety and
rescue.for industrial lighting. The main task lighting is to create the best
conditions for the review of the object. This problem can be solved by the
lighting system that meets the following requirements:
) The illumination shall conform to the visual work, which is
determined by the following parameters:
) The need to ensure uniform brightness distribution of the
working surface, as well as within the surrounding area;
) In the field of view, there should be no direct or
reflected on sparkle. Sparkle - increased brightness of the illuminated
surface;
) The value of illumination should be constant over time.
This is achieved using stabilizing devices;
) To select the optimal orientation of the light flux;
) Is necessary to choose the spectral composition of light;
) All the elements of lighting installations, step-down
transformers, must be durable, and power-, explosion- and fireproof.of
artificial lighting. The existing industrial lighting standards are defined as
quantitative (minimum light), and qualitative characteristics (glare, ripple
depth). Value of the minimum illumination is set by the characteristics of
visual work, which define the smallest object size differences, the contrast of
the object with the background and characteristics of the background. Distinguish
between 8 bit and 4 subclass of work depending on eyestrain.of natural light.
Natural light is characterized by the fact that the emerging light varies
widely, depending on time of year, day, and weather conditions. Therefore,
natural lighting can not be defined quantitatively. As a normalized value for
natural lighting using daylight factor (RED), which represents the ratio of
light at a given point inside the building to the value of outdoor lighting,
light produced by a fully open the skies. Normalized values of this coefficient are
determined by the table with regard to the nature of visual work, lighting
systems, and the area ofthe object. In addition to
quantitative indicators KEO use qualitative indicator - the unevenness of
natural light.
Protection
from electromagnetic microwave radiation
When you use the computer, around some of its parts creates
an electromagnetic field that creates the effect of microwaves, negatively
acting on any living organisms. Millimeter waves are absorbed by the surface
layers of human skin, centimeter - the skin and the adjacent tissues, UHF -
penetrate to a depth of 10 cm. That is, electromagnetic waves can pass right
through a person. And it is not so harmless. The electromagnetic field affects
human cells and tissues, leading to violations of conditioned reflex activity,
reduce brain bioelectrical activity and changes in inter-neuronal connections.
Usually this is manifested by headache, fatigue, deteriorating health,
hypotension, changes in the conductivity of the heart muscle.the person, the
electromagnetic field increases the temperature of his body, which leads to the
selective heating of tissues and organs. The most vulnerable in this case, the
following organs of the human body: the liver, pancreas, bladder, stomach.
Their heat can easily exacerbate chronic illnesses (ulcers, bleeding, and
perforation).improve safety when working at a computer must first of all draw
attention to the elaboration of an ergonomic workplace. And buying an ergonomic
keyboard can not do. To improve the ergonomics of the workplace must take the
following steps.the monitor so that its top spot was right before your eyes, or
above, which will keep your head straight, and eliminate the development of
cervical degenerative disc disease. The distance from the monitor to eye must
be at least 45 cm.of respiratory diseases include wet cleaning and airing the
room. Nice place near the computer's aquarium, it will increase the humidity,
to the same fish calms the nerves.mitigate the effects of electromagnetic
fields, to reduce air deionization, the violation of air supply balance in a
room with a computer air ionizer. Ions beneficial effects on people: improving
mental and physical condition, increased disease resistance, reduced the number
of bacteria in indoor air is cleared of suspended particulates, attenuated the
effect caused by static electricity.
Guidance
of workers on occupational health and safety
Training, coaching, validation of knowledge workers on
occupational health and safety held by the employer at their own expense. The
order and timing of training, coaching and testing of knowledge on safety and
health of workers shall be determined by state labour body in coordination with
other competent government authorities of the respective spheres of activity.
Persons recruited to work on a mandatory basis are organized by the employer
prior training with the subsequent conduct of mandatory testing of knowledge on
health and safety. Employees who have not passed the preliminary training,
guidance and validation of knowledge on health and safety, the work is not
allowed. Executives and individuals, industrial organizations, responsible for
ensuring the health and safety, periodically, at least once every three years,
must undergo training and examination for the occupational health and safety
training courses in their respective educational institutions.
In conclusion, labor employment rights takes place in a
particular work environment, which for non-compliance with hygiene requirements
may adversely affect to performance and health.
Conclusion
effectiveness of the activity of logistic companies is
defined by the quality of control systems and essentially influences the
operation of chains and networks of deliveries both at the corporate and state
levels, determining, as a whole, the state of the economy of the country under
the conditions of the active market - the market for user. An example of a
technologically developed Western countries shows that the development of
logistics activities has been an important catalyst for economic growth of
companies improve their competitiveness and an essential precondition for their
economic well-being.maintenance of effective functioning of the logistical
companies it is necessary to use modern management methods, to improve
coordination processes in logistical chains, and also to develop and introduce
the front lines informationtechnologies providing support of all key managerial
processes by the logistical company and its integration with partners in
process of logistics.purpose of this study was to make better transportation,
automation of logistics operations in depots associated with the control of the
route and time.to a research objective of the diploma project following
problems have been put and carried out:
defined the role of the logistical companies in process of
logistics;
defined the role, a place and problems of information systems
in logistical activity;
offered classification of systems of complex automation of
management by the companies from logistics positions;
offered the order of a choice of the most effective way to
automate the management of a logistics company based on the analysis of
business processes, information systems;
Developed a demo version of a software application for bus
fleets, which enables the following items:
· monitored in real-time bus route
· Automates controllers at bus
stopssubject of research is organizational processes in the field of
information business management logistics companies in the methodologies of
information management in logistics.object of the study are the existing
systems of resources and commercial potential of logistics
companies.theoretical basis of research diploma project were the works of local
and foreign researchers on the theory and practice of management in logistics
and automation of logistics activities.main results obtained in the diploma and
constitute the scientific novelty of the study include the following:
The requirements for the structure and functionality of
modern logistics information systems allowing for the business organization;
Developed a procedure for choosing the most effective way to
automate the management of a logistics company based on the analysis of
business processes, information systems.applications developed in this project
can be applied to the transport companies to improve resource efficiency and
reduce costs.value of results of work consists in opening possibility of
practical use of methods and recommendations about development of information
systems in logistics. Usage of the developed principles, classifications, and
techniques will promote increase of efficiency of control systems in the
logistical companies.
Bibliography
1. Alesinskaya T.V. Fundamentals of Logistics -
Taganrog M.: TRTU, 2005. - 24p.
2. Wallenburg C., Cahill D., Michael Knemeyer A., and
Goldsby, T., Commitment and Trust as Drivers of Loyalty in Logistics
Outsourcing Relationships. M.: Cultural, 2011. -p.:211-256
3. John T.
Phelan, Jr. P.E. "Guest Column: Knowing When a WMS or WCS Is Right for
Your Company"
<#"662586.files/image030.jpg">
Route of bus number 105
down list for choosing a route
Dispatcher’s window
Appendix B
of programm
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport"
content="initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" />
<style type="text/css">{ height: 100% }{
height: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px }
#map_canvas { height: 100% }
</style>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://maps.google.com/maps/api/js?sensor=true"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">map;marker =
new Array();counter = new Array();[0] = 0;[1] = 0;route1 = new Array();route2 =
new Array();pause = 2000;lat = new Array();lng = new Array();go = false;marshrut=new
Array (Array (43.27004235874931, 76.9448305426331, 43.267729962600654,
76.94500220401005, 0.00010,5000, 0, 0,43.26419870168524, 76.94543135745243,
0.00010,5000, 0, 0,43.26016718881531, 76.94598925692753, 0.00010,5000, 0,
0,43.25572909078159, 76.94650424105839, 0.00010,5000, 0, 0,43.24844615865364,
76.9474054632874, 0.00010, 43.24235033142816, 76.9483066855164, 0.00010,
43.241975183674825, 76.94238436801152, 0.00010, 43.24147498307702,
76.93380129916386, 0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,43.24084972655469, 76.92740691287236,
0.00010, 43.23875507045111, 76.92775023562626, 0.00010, 43.237004257863056,
76.92783606631474, 0.00010, 43.235847443374816, 76.92830813510136, 0.00010,
43.23394021478361, 76.93066847903447, 0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,43.23184532115129,
76.93358672244267, 0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,43.23112616195815, 76.93435919863896,
0.00010, 43.22931259239837, 76.93191302401738, 0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,
43.22665467744846, 76.92792189700322, 0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,43.22668594770985,
76.92290080172734, 0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,43.22627943306066, 76.91470397097783,
0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,43.225591479016884, 76.90354598147587, 0.00010, 10000, 0,
0),Array (43.25377560004194, 76.94162262065129, 0.000002,5000, 0,
0,43.2528740429324, 76.94174063784794, 0.000002,43.253117259545235, 76.94517520649151,
0.000008,43.25489300441574, 76.9449753819199, 0.000005,43.254623422719604,
76.94150460345463, 0.000010),Array (43.25377560004194, 76.94162262065129,
0.000002,5000, 0, 0,43.2528740429324, 76.94174063784794,
0.000002,43.253117259545235, 76.94517520649151, 0.000008,43.25489300441574,
76.9449753819199, 0.000005,43.254623422719604, 76.94150460345463, 0.000010)
);marshrut2=new Array (Array (43.27004235874931,
76.9448305426331, 43.267729962600654, 76.94500220401005, 0.00007,5000, 0,
0,43.26419870168524, 76.94543135745243, 0.00005,5000, 0, 0,43.26016718881531,
76.94598925692753, 0.00012,5000, 0, 0,43.25572909078159, 76.94650424105839,
0.00010,5000, 0, 0,43.24844615865364, 76.9474054632874, 0.00010,
43.24235033142816, 76.9483066855164, 0.00010, 43.241975183674825,
76.94238436801152, 0.00012, 43.24147498307702, 76.93380129916386, 0.00010,
5000, 0, 0,43.24084972655469, 76.92740691287236, 0.00005, 43.23875507045111,
76.92775023562626, 0.00010, 43.237004257863056, 76.92783606631474, 0.00012,
43.235847443374816, 76.92830813510136, 0.00010, 43.23394021478361,
76.93066847903447, 0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,43.23184532115129, 76.93358672244267,
0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,43.23112616195815, 76.93435919863896, 0.00010,
43.22931259239837, 76.93191302401738, 0.00010, 5000, 0, 0, 43.22665467744846,
76.92792189700322, 0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,43.22668594770985, 76.92290080172734,
0.00010, 5000, 0, 0,43.22627943306066, 76.91470397097783, 0.00010, 5000, 0,
0,43.225591479016884, 76.90354598147587, 0.00010, 10000, 0, 0),Array
(43.25377560004194, 76.94162262065129, 0.000002,5000, 0, 0,43.2528740429324,
76.94174063784794, 0.000002,43.253117259545235, 76.94517520649151,
0.000008,43.25489300441574, 76.9449753819199, 0.000005,43.254623422719604,
76.94150460345463, 0.000010),Array (43.25377560004194, 76.94162262065129,
0.000002,5000, 0, 0,43.2528740429324, 76.94174063784794,
0.000002,43.253117259545235, 76.94517520649151, 0.000008,43.25489300441574,
76.9449753819199, 0.000005,43.254623422719604, 76.94150460345463, 0.000010)
);init(){selectmenu=document.getElementById("mymenu").value;
//alert(marshrut[selectmenu].length);qwe;[0] =
marshrut[selectmenu][0];[0] = marshrut[selectmenu][1];[1] =
marshrut2[selectmenu][0];[1] = marshrut2[selectmenu][1];(qwe = 2; qwe <
marshrut[selectmenu].length-3; qwe++){.push([marshrut[selectmenu][qwe],
marshrut[selectmenu][qwe+1], marshrut[selectmenu][qwe+2]]);
}(qwe = 2; qwe < marshrut2[selectmenu].length-3;
qwe++){.push([marshrut2[selectmenu][qwe], marshrut2[selectmenu][qwe+1],
marshrut2[selectmenu][qwe+2]]);
}myLatlng0 = new google.maps.LatLng(lat[0],lng[0]);myLatlng1
= new google.maps.LatLng(lat[1],lng[1]);myOptions = {: 15,: myLatlng0,:
google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP
}= new
google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("map_canvas"),
myOptions);image0 = '1.png';[0] = new google.maps.Marker({: myLatlng0,:
map,:"Bus 1",
icon: image0
});image1 = '2.png';
marker[1] = new google.maps.Marker({: myLatlng1,:
map,:"Bus 2",: image1
});(go) {= false;
} else {= true;(0);(1);
}.maps.event.addListener(map, 'rightclick', function(event) {(event.latLng.lat()
+ ", " + event.latLng.lng());
});
}start(busNo)
{(go) {(busNo == 0) {(counter[busNo] == route1.length)
{[busNo] = 0;
}newLat = route1[counter[busNo]][0];newLng =
route1[counter[busNo]][1];step = route1[counter[busNo]][2];
} else {(counter[busNo] == route2.length) {[busNo] = 0;
}newLat = route2[counter[busNo]][0];newLng =
route2[counter[busNo]][1];step = route2[counter[busNo]][2];
}(step == 0) {[busNo]++;(function(){start(busNo);}, newLat);
} else {y = lat[busNo] - newLat;x = lng[busNo] - newLng;
var sin = y / Math.sqrt(y*y + x*x);cos = x / Math.sqrt(y*y +
x*x);
var stepY = sin * step;stepX = cos *
step;(function(){((Math.abs(x) > stepX*3)&(Math.abs(y) > stepY*3)) {=
newLat;= newLng;[busNo] -= stepY;[busNo] -= stepX;position = new google.maps.LatLng(lat[busNo],lng[busNo]);[busNo].setPosition(position);(busNo);
} else {[busNo]++;(busNo);
}
}, 15);
}
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body >
<select id="mymenu" size="1"
onchange='javascript:init();'>
<option value="nothing"
selected="selected">choose the route</option>
<option value=0>route #105</option>
<option value=1>route #34</option>
<option value=2>route #16</option>
<option value=2>route #99</option>
<option value=2>route #98</option>
<option value=2>route #105</option>
<option value=2>route #35</option>
<option value=2>route #65</option>
<option value=2>route #100</option>
<option value=2>route #82</option>
<option value=2>route #81</option>
<option value=2>route #48</option>
<option value=2>route #121</option>
<option value=2>route #29</option>
<option value=2>route #31</option>
<option value=2>route #79</option>
</select>
<input type='button' value='stop'
onClick="javascript: window.location.reload(true);" id='test_but'>
<div id="map_canvas" style="width:100%;
height:100%"><iframe frameborder="0"
height="100%" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0"
scrolling="no"
src="http://maps.google.ru/?ie=UTF8&ll=43.265066,76.946418&spn=0.01275,0.018561&z=16&output=embed"
width="100%"></iframe></div>
</body>
</html>