The use of gender with zoonims in English and Uzbek
The use of
gender with zoonims in English and Uzbek
Introduction
is a great honor for us that the model of
reforming the educational system and experience of its implementation developed
in Uzbekistan is being discussed with contribution from outstanding academics
and experts, heads and representatives of world-renowned education institutions
and eminent international organizations.start with, it needs stressing that the
education reforms program adopted fifteen years ago and dubbed the National
Program for Training of Specialists stands as an inseparable and integral part
of our own «Uzbek model» of economic and political reforms based on gradual and
evolutionary principle of building a new society in the country.program, itself
a product of an in-depth research and study, summary of the practice hoarded by
advanced nations, aims to completely eliminate stereotypes and dogmas of the
communist ideology imposed in the past, consolidation of democratic values in
the minds of people, first and foremost among the growing generation. In a
word, the program is directed at nurturing a comprehensively advanced
individual with independence in thinking and outlook, with its own preferences
and firm civic position in life.was simply impossible to further that goal
without radical reconstruction and transformation of the education system that
had been there for many years.that about 35 percent of Uzbekistan’s population
is children under 16, more than 60 percent are the youths under 30, the role
and significance of these reforms becomes clear and obvious.accordance with the
adopted program, we have introduced a 12-year universal compulsory and free
education in Uzbekistan on the scheme 9+3. The fundamental characteristic of
the model being built in our country is that following the nine years of study
in a general school, during the ensuing three years young people attend
specialized professional colleges and academic lyceums where every one of them,
along with the general disciplines, obtains vocational training on 2-3
professions in demand in the labor market.law secures that the 12-year
education in Uzbekistan is mandatory and free for all, and is conditioned by
the fact that the growing generation is obliged to receive a 12-year education,
attain a concrete vocation and profession. This is particularly true for our
girls.this respect, we imply that in every newly created family, it is
important that the young women have a certain profession, with their own views
and their firm position in life., it is imperative that following a nine-year
general education, where general knowledge is taught in wide spectrum of
disciplines, the youths, and mandatorily our girls, continue with education in
colleges and academic lyceums, obtain a profession in two or three
areas.12-year compulsory education everyone by his or her choice can continue
study at higher education institutions to obtain undergraduate and graduate
degrees.present qualification paper is titled «The use of gender with zoonims
in English and Uzbek» and it is devoted to the problems of studying the
category of gender of zoonims in English and Uzbek languages.has been mentioned
above there is a little deal of researches on this theme are going on, but
among them the works which were dedicated to reveal the essence of the question
under discussion from the point of investigation. The present qualification
paper introduces the productive suffixes of nouns in the English languages in
cognitive ways of analysis and gives different kinds of information about them.
The aim of our research is to provide
a range of original, theoretical, structural and practical ideas of learning
the category of gender of zoonims in English and Uzbek languages.
For the investigation of the given problem, it is
required to solve the following tasks:
· to survey the notion of gender as a grammatical
category;
· to define the main ways of expressing the
category of gender in both languages;
· to investigate the historical review of the
problem;
The methods of the work: include
methods of structural and semantic and componential analysis of category of
gender of zoonims in English and Uzbek languages.
The novelty of the given
qualification paper is to get a good idea of the of category of gender of
zoonims.
The problem under consideration in the
qualification paper possesses definite theoretical value, for, fist of
all, it is based on the principles of approach, which is, revealed on all the
stage of investigation. The results of the investigation present interest for a
number of fields of contemporary linguistics: lexicology, theoretical and
practical grammar.
The practical significance of the work: is that the
work, will be useful and fruitful information for the learners of the
languages, students, teachers as well as interpreters. Besides, the materials
of the present paper can be used in seminars and lectures on lexicology,
practical and theoretical grammar of the English language and comparative
typology of English and Uzbek languages.
The content of the given work consists of
introduction, two chapters, conclusion, practical part, summary and the list of
selected literature under discussion.establishes the purpose, the tasks,
novelty, the methods used in the investigation, practical and theoretical
significance of the work and explains the reasons of choosing the theme for
studying.first chapter is titled as «Theoretical bases of investigation» and
it covers such important questions as the notion of the grammatical category of
gender, the main approaches in investigating the category of gender, zoonims as
separate lexical unitsII is titled as «The use of gender with zoonims in
English and Uzbek» and it covers such important questions as Theoretical
bases of translation English words into Uzbek by expressing the category of
gender, generic categorization of zoonims in English and Uzbek.contains more
then 30 units which deal with the question under discussion.
1. Theoretical bases of investigation
.1 Notion of the grammatical category of
gender
Science development about language at the present
stage can be divided into two stages: the first - structural
linguistics (where particular attention is given to a problem of a language
categorisation); the second - linguistics as the special social
study studying language as a transmission medium of cultural-historical
traditions. Occurrence of the new disciplines representing synthesis of
linguistics, philosophy, psychology, sociology and other sciences has resulted,
including, and to occurrence of new approaches to a problem of a language
categorisation, most perspective of which is cognitive approach.
Category is one of the most
complicated concepts of a linguistic science. Almost all known linguistic
theories are based on various principles of ordering of language elements with
the subsequent allocation of classes, groups on the basis of any general
property.spite of the fact that often categorisation of things is carried out
on the basis of generalisation, researchers have come to a conclusion that
categorisation process is arranged more difficult. Movement to когнитивным to models
begins in Ludwig Vitgenstein's late philosophy and proceeds psychological
researches of Eleonory Rosh and its colleagues. Thanks to works of Eleonory
Rosh the categorisation became the major sphere of studying in когнитивной to
psychology. There was a new theory of a categorisation - the theory of
prototypes. It shows that the categorisation peculiar to the person is
based on principles, is far from those laws which are embodied in the classical
theory. Researches of Rosh and its colleagues show that generally categories
can have the best representatives (they are named by «prototypes») and that all
abilities of the person really participate in categorisation processes.
According to J. Lakoff the categorisation
provides normal functioning of thinking, perception, activity and speech of the
person. When the person reflected on classes of substances (things) -
chairs, the nations, illnesses, emotions and in general about any versions of
things - he addresses to categories. Out of ability to a categorisation the
person could not function in general - neither in a material world, nor in a
social and intellectual life. Studying of processes of a categorisation
all-important for any approaches to understanding of how the person thinks and
as it operates (function), and, hence, without it is impossible comprehension
of that does us by people. However the considerable part of categories of
thinking cannot be carried to categories of things, they are categories abstract
сущностей. We
categorise events, actions, emotions, spatial and social relations, and also
abstract concepts of the most various types: the governments, diseases,
elements of scientific and naive theories, such, as electronics and a cold. Any
adequate model of human experience should be based on the theory which
precisely describes all our categories - both concrete, and distracted.
The offered by J. Lakoff the approach to the theory of prototypes is based on
the assumption that mental procedure of a categorisation inherent in the person
in substantive degrees leans against human experience and imagination - on
features of perception, motor activity and culture, on the one hand, and
properties of a metaphor, метонимии and mental figurativeness - with another
[Lakoff, 1987].supporters of cognitive linguistics consider categories as
mental essence, supporters of structural linguistics represent categories in
the form of separate constructions which are clearly defined in all spheres of
human experience. In this connection structuralists allocate grammatical
(morphological), lexical, semantic and other categories in language.
Grammatical categories can be classifying (lexical and grammatical) and
form-building (inflectional). The grammatical category represents unity of the
grammatical maintenance and grammatical expression. It is possible to speak
about presence of a grammatical category only in the event that in language
there is a regular conformity between the given grammatical value and formal
way of its expression, and thus there is an opposition at least two members -
two classes of words for a classifying category or two forms for a
form-building category.
The grammatical gender is one of the
unexpectedness of grammatical categories least logical and containing most of
all. The word grammatical gender is connected usually with a sex designated by
it by beings, however the gender and a sex often do not coincide in those
languages where the grammatical gender is expressed.
The Encyclopaedic Dictionary
makes following definition of a grammatical gender: a grammatical gender
- the traditional name of one of groups on which nouns depending on a way of
the coordination with them adjectives, verbs, etc. (masculine, feminine,
neuter. In some languages - masculine, feminine. Common gender is possible
also). The category of gender has developed on the basis of initial semantic
classification by signs «live - lifeless» and (or) «man's - a female». In some
languages the category of gender is absent [СЭС, 1989:1142].grammatical gender is considered
«the paleontologic» category which roots leave in mythological thinking. The
Indo-European three-gender system is considered by the majority of linguists as
result of transformation of more ancient system from two classes. There are
different points of view on an origin of a category of a gender. A. Meje
considered that it developed on the basis of opposition animateness -
inanimateness [Meje, 2003], other linguists deduced it from opposition activity
- passivity [Kirilina, 1999].grammatical gender in some cases corresponds
to a sex of person, designated by a corresponding word (the teacher - the
teacher). It concerns first of all designations of people.
Semantico-symbolical function of a category of a grammatical gender consists
also that at an embodiment the word grammatical gender is comprehended as a
sex. So, the death in Uzbek culture symbolises a female image, and in German -
man's, since. In German language this word concerns a masculine gender (der
Tod).the feministic criticism of language affirms that the masculine gender
is used more often, than a feminine gender for a designation of persons, whose
biological gender is unknown, or has no value in the given context. In a number
of works [Klein, 1987] the data proving such point of view is obtained. At the
same time, researches of last decades bring an attention to the question on
unequal psychological communication of a grammatical gender and a sex in
consciousness of carriers of different languages [Konishi, 1994]. For example,
there is data about mental correlation of a grammatical gender and a sex in
German language, rather than in Spanish.
.2 The main approaches in investigating
the category of gender
grammatical zoonim lexical
The study about the category of gender has an old
tradition. Antique grammarians were interested in this question. For example,
Varran Mark Terentsy, the Roman philosopher and grammarian, at an explanation
of a grammatical gender at those or other nouns designating animals, started
with their practical value for human life. He said that though behind any speech
the natural thing disappears, however, if it does not reach practical
application also words do not reach it; it is said equus «айғир» and equa «сигир» because their
distinctions have practical value.
Caesar Shesno Djumarse (a XVIII-th century) in
certain cases became on a position of an aggressive formalism. It completely
denied communication of a gender of nouns with sexual distinctions. Triviality
of a gender the scientist tried to confirm with absence of a morphological
gender at English nouns, discrepancy of a gender in various languages, and also
that in the French language two genders, and in Greek and Latin - three
[Danilenko, 1990:179].grammarian J. Хэррис, engaged in research Indo-European
languages, correlated forms of a gender of inanimate nouns to their real
extralanguage maintenance. For example, he explained an accessory of a noun
«sun» to a masculine gender, and a noun «moon» to female to that sun beams are
stronger (man's quality), than at the moon, at which they more thin and soft
(female quality).thought that in an extreme antiquity people assimilated
inanimate objects animated is quite comprehensible, but existence of
grammatical gender in Indo-European languages basically is connected with
morphology, i.e. words shared on childbirth according to the terminations of
these words [Danilenko, 1990:204].modern foreign and domestic linguistics there
is the extensive literature devoted to a problem of a category of gender in
English language. Earlier various aspects of a problem of a grammatical gender
such as communication between value of a noun and it comes [Lohmann, 1960],
conformity of gender in respect of the maintenance and in respect of expression
[Jakobson, 1932; Ельмслев, 1975], from the point of view of syntactic and
contextual communications [Zaliznyak, 1964; Karpinsky, 1961], from the point of
view of its origin and evolution, i.e. in diachronic aspect [Fodor, 1989], also
the sex problem was studied synchronical [by Markus, 1984]. O. Espersen
specified in discrepancy of language and «natural» categories. ‘language and
sex’ a lot of attention in its researches [Jespersen, 1943] is given to the
theme.the limits of the given work to shine the maintenance of all works it is
impossible, however nevertheless it is necessary to state short hypotheses of
different researchers about an origin and grammatical gender functions.are
three basic hypotheses of an origin of a grammatical gender: semantic,
morphological and syntactic. Supporters of the semantic concept (I.G. Gerder,
J. Grimm, V. Humboldt, T. Jakobi, etc.) Believe that at the heart of a
grammatical gender opposition of sex lies; the sex sign was translationred by
ancient Endo-europeans on subjects of the lifeless nature. And this carrying
over occurred by a principle: all big, fast, active concerns a masculine
gender, all small, quiet, passive - to female, and all artificial and
collective - to neuter [Gin, 1992]. One more supporter of the semantic concept
of an origin of a grammatical gender G. Korbett recognizes that the grammatical
gender system is morphological system, but thus considers that it also has a
semantic basis, that is the linguistic category of gender is connected with «an
extralinguistic category of a biological sex». This semantic basis becomes
obvious, when any sex corresponds with a word designating the person (i.e. the
word designating the person of a female, as a rule, is a feminine gender word)
[Corbett, 1991].of the morphological concept treat sex as the formal category
which essence consists in classification of substantives, instead of reflexion
of an extralanguage reality. And the opposition on sex is perceived as result
of the latest rationalisation of nominal morphology [Gin, 1992].of the
syntactic concept (G. Shteyntal, V.V. Joffe) believe that the gender is possible
only in such languages in which there is such syntactic link, as the
coordination. If the noun has a gender category the adjective should also have
this category, history of gender is a history of the coordination, and
connection of a gender with sex - is secondary.is necessary to notice that
existence of three hypotheses of an origin of a grammatical gender and allow
researchers to consider a gender in different languages from different corners
as in different languages the grammatical gender shows those or other functions
to a greater or lesser extent, linguists allocate three basic functions of a
grammatical gender which correspond to three hypotheses of its origin. Three
functions a gender category: semantico-symbolical, syntactic and morphological (registration
of a name and different types of declination)..J. Blokh specifies in clashes of
opinions on a category of gender of theorists and practical grammarians. In the
theoretical plan the gender category is considered lexical or «semantic» [A.I.
Smirnitsky, 1959], however practical grammarians [M.J. Ganshina and N.M.
Vasilevsky], denying presence of grammatical gender, persistently specify in
patrimonial distinctions of an English noun [Smirnitsky, 1959; Ганшина, 1972;
Vasilevsky, 1974]. Fleas holds the opinion Smirnitsky, considering that, being
semantic, the gender category is not excluded, nevertheless, from structure of
grammatical categories [Fleas, 1994:52].sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics
development there were new prospects for research of a category of gender,
including its linguistic means of expression. The majority of scientists
specify in communication of gender with a sex. The thought on practical
conditionality of presence of the names expressing a category of gender (at
animals) seems to us lawful. So, in English language masculine and a feminine
gender of a noun «pig» is expressed by means of different lexemes «hog» and
«sow». Doubts concerning that the gender category has arisen for a designation
of sexual distinctions, had unilateral character. The grammatical gender was
mainly considered from morphology and syntax positions. However absence of a
grammatical category of gender, in our opinion, does not deny presence of a
lexical (semantic) or «mental» category of gender for a designation of persons
(individuals) male and female.system of language, feature of native speakers
leave traces and on gender category. A.V. Kirilina, the researcher of gender
aspects of language, notices that to the most ancient and long time a unique
hypothesis about the reasons of occurrence and functioning of a category of
gender became simvoliko-semantic which supporters explained occurrence of a
grammatical gender by presence of people of a different sex. This hypothesis
was based on onimizm and antromorphizm mythological thinking [Kirilina,
1998]..G. Koshevaja, considering theories about display of a category of
gender, allocates J. Grimma's theory and K. Brugmana's theory. The first
considers that the grammatical gender is connected with natural, i.e. last «is
translationred» on subjects according to their qualities. According to the
theory of Brugmana the gender is considered mechanical process which is caused
by the external form [Koshevaja, Dubovsky, 1980: 199-200].of this hypothesis
(Gerder, the Grimm, V. Humboldt and others) explained extralinguistic
motivation of a category of a gender the extralanguage experience. In
particular the analysis spent by J. Grimmom, has shown that masculine gender
words possess semantics большей forces, speeds, activity, energy, созидательности, primacy
while feminine gender names are characterised by passivity, softness, minority
[Grimm]. Such vision of correlation of a grammatical gender with words has
resulted, in opinion Kirilinoj, to occurrence оценочности in interpretation of a
category of a gender: the masculine gender appeared paramount [Kirilina,
1998].the simvoliko-semantic hypothesis was not unique. Opening of languages in
which the gender category is absent, has called it into question.Old English
language the gender was expressed morphologically, therefore expression of
syntactic links between words by means of their coordination in a gender was
its appointment except morphological classification of a noun. And in modern
English language morphological indicators of a category of a gender have
appeared basically lost, therefore value of a gender in English language is
translationred: a) a lexical word meaning: a masculine gender - man, boy;
a feminine gender - woman, girl; a neutral gender - table,
house; b) personal pronouns - he, she, it; c) in structure of a word
by means of suffixes-ess, - ine, - er: an actress, and heroine,
a widower, a tigress; d) compound nouns: and woman-doctor;
a he-wolf - a she-wolf.with that or other is connected with division of
nouns on bases which is more ancient, than their division on grammatical
genders. Therefore communication of a grammatical gender with natural was not
the basic criterion of division of nouns on genders. It speaks both a
divergence between a grammatical gender and a sex which took place in certain
cases in Old English language, for example: woman (OE. wоfman)
was a masculine gender; maiden (OE. mжgden) - a neutral gender.
Recognizing that a grammatical gender often does not coincide with natural
(i.e. with a sex), many scientists recognize that the form, instead of value is
a determinative in a considered problem that, however, is not relevant for
modern English language.well as in many other languages, the gender category in
English language is closely connected with an animateness-inanimateness
category, and the inanimateness category practically coincides with a neutral
gender category. From here the conclusion that in modern English language of a
word are classified «by the nature of» through those subjects with which they
correspond quite naturally follows. Formally it is expressed, first of all, in
a choice of various personal pronouns. This choice basically is based on an
animateness-inanimateness. At the same time in English language there is no
simple dichotomy which would allow to correlate all «inanimate» nouns to a
pronoun it, and animated accordingly - with he or she
[Elmslev, 1975; Yemelyanov, 1988]. Unlike Russian where usually animated names
cannot correspond with a neutral gender, in English language there is a whole
class of the nouns designating animals, birds and other beings which
corresponds with a common gender and has a pronoun it. However
and in Russian not sexr, and таксономические relations, thus appears a leading sign of a
nomination and they are reflected by a gender category inconsistently. Besides,
the opposition initially based on distinction of two sexrs, not бинарна in language:
there are words of a neutral gender which can name live beings (the child,
animal, an insect). On convention of a grammatical gender the irregularity of
display of all properties inherent in this category is imposed.gender as
actually grammatical category acting in the purest kind in Russian, in modern
English language is absent; the gender as a lexical and grammatical category
also has appeared partially lost English language in the course of its
historical development. In this connection in modern English language,
especially the great value gets a gender natural, that is prospective
conformity between comes as a language category and natural or biological
division on a sex. However the formal nature of a parity between natural and a
grammatical gender cannot be absolutely unequivocal as [Timpko, 1970:2], for
example, if to take only the isolated words as offers all of them will concern
both to musculine, and a feminine gender, and, hence, a grammatical gender will
be irrelevant. This remark opens syntagmatic character of a grammatical gender,
its essential dependence on a context.appointment of a category in genders
English language is expression of semantic and lexical relations. Hence, at the
present stage of development of language in most general view it is possible to
speak about a lexico-semantic category of gender though now almost all authors
converge that only is obviously not enough semantic criteria for understanding
of the difficult nature of a grammatical gender and it is necessary to use all
linguistic facts concerning this category.the great value in modern English
language is got by a gender category as a category syntactic, that is as the
linguistic category expressing dependence of one words in speech from others
[Timpko, 1970:3].review of the works devoted to a grammatical gender in English
language, allows to notice that traditional allocation of a category of a
gender is connected with consideration of two phenomena: expressions of
distinctions of a sex and pronominal-substantive correlation - in a role of
classifying bases of division of nouns on certain groups which by tradition are
called as patrimonial.the most widespread variant of classification of
biologically caused type (on the basis of a sex with use of the factor of
pronominal-substantive correlation) definition of a patrimonial accessory under
instructions on a sex quite often disperses from definition of a gender of a
noun on its correlation to that or other pronoun of the third party of a singular
(she, he and it). As the reason for it ability of the same
noun to correlation more than with one pronoun while on conditions of
differentiation correlation to pronouns she, he and it represents
itself as indicators female, man's and a neutral gender accordingly serves.of
the fixed order of pronominal-substantive correlation leads to patrimonial
mobility of nouns in modern English language., having released from
specifically grammatical functions, the gender category has turned in modern
English language to rather rich and strong means for expression of various
categories of cultural-historical character and consequently it represents
exclusive interest for sociolinguistics [to Timpko, 1970:4].
.3 The ways of expressing of category of
gender in English and Uzbek
category of gender exists in Russian and it is
represented by a system of three member opposition: masculine gender, feminine
gender and neuter gender.category of gender is clearly observed in the singular
forms. Gender distinctions in the plural forms are considerably obliterated.
Masculine nouns include:
1) nouns which
have stems ending in a consonant and a zero morpheme in the nominative case: стол, нож, дуб;
2) the majority
of nouns which have stems ending in a softened consonant and in - й: конь, зверь, герой, шмель, грач;
3) nouns denoting male sex: Коля, дядя, слуга, маэстро, кули.
4) nouns with the augmentative suffixes - ина, - ище derived from
the stem of masculine nouns: домина, домище;
5)-------------------------- nouns with the
suffixes ишка, - ишко derived from
the
stem of masculine nouns: шалунишка, домишко.nouns
comprise:
1) an absolute
majority of nouns with the ending - а (-я) in the nominative case of the singular: парта, сестра, земля, стена;
2) some nouns
with a stem ending in a softened consonant excepting - й: тень, сеть, ночь, лень, etc.
Neuter nouns include:
1) nouns with the
ending - o(e): окно, поле;
2) nouns ending
in - мя: время, имя, племя, пламя, знамя;
3) some of the undeclinable inanimate nouns:
депо, такси, рагу,
пальто.
As the grammatical category of gender does not
reflect anything in the objective world it is not rendered in other
languages.does not cause any interlanguage interferences when English is spoken
by Russians.
Nouns Denoting Male Sex
Uzbek nouns denoting male and female sex are of
no grammatical significance in contrast to English and Russian ones. The
grammatical significance of English nouns denoting male and female sex is
observed when they are replaced by the pronouns he and she: I
have a brother. He is a doctor. I have a sister. She is a teacher.
English: father, husband, boy, brother,
gentleman, uncle, David, cock, actor, hero, director. z bek: ота, эр, ака, ука,
тога, Салим, х, укиз, хуроз, артист,
мураббий, Эргашев, шоир.
Nouns Denoting Female Sex
Engl: mother, sister, girl, lady, woman, Helen,
poetess, directress, aunt, hen, cow.z b: она, опа, киз, аёл, хоним, Xалима, шоира, раққоса,
артистка, бия, хола.of the nouns denoting living beings do
not express sex:
1) human beings: doctor, friend, cousin,
teacher, stranger, neigh-
bour, student, clerk, etc.
2) animals: wolf, dog, bear, eagle, ass,
goat, elephant, etc.
If we desire to indicate the sex of what is
expressed by those nouns, a word denoting the sex is added to them: boy-friend,
girlfriend; man-servant, maid-servant; man-doctor, woman-doctor; male elephant,
female elephant; he-dog, she-dog; male (torn-, he-) cat, female - (pussy -
she-) cat; he - (billy-) goat, she - (nanny-) goat; dog - (he-) wolf, she-wolf,
etc.Spoken English there is a tendency to associate the names of animals with
the female or male sex.
1) When the noun indicates the sex of the
animal it is generally
spoken of as he (lion, tiger, bull, etc) or she (lioness, tigress, cow,
etc);
The tiger approached the camp: his dreadful roar
made us shudder. The bull lowered his head.dog is called Jenny; she is of a
very good breed.
2) When the sex of the animal is not
indicated by the noun, nouns
denoting the larger and bolder animals are generally associated with
the male sex (elephant, horse, dog, eagle, etc), while nouns denoting
the smaller and weaker ones with the female (cat, hare, parrot, etc):
The elephant lifted his mighty trunk The cat has
upset her milkEnglish inanimate things or abstract notions are usually
personified and the nouns denoting them are referred to as belonging to those
of the male or female sex. Here are some traditional associations:
) The things and notions expressed by the noun sun
and by theexpressing such ideas as strength, fierceness (anger,
death, fear, war, etc) are associated with the male sex:
It is pleasant to watch the sun
in his chariot of gold, and the moon in her chariot of pearl.
(Wilde)
… it seamed as if death were raging round
this floating prison seeking for his prey. (Irving.)
) The things and notions expressed by the nouns moon
and earth, by the names of vessels (ship, boat, steamer,
etc), vehicles (car, carriage, coach, etc), countries and by the nouns
expressing such ideas as gentleness, beauty (kindness, spring, peace,
dawn, etc) are associated with the female sex:Moon was behind the
clouds but an hour later we saw her in full.
She is a good car. She was
a good boat.sent her representative to the conference.is
necessary to distinguish sex and gender in the Russian language. Sex is a
logical semantic category which reflects biological characteristic (sex) of
living beings.category is formed by the aforesaid nouns denoting male and
female sex.is a formal grammatical category which is represented by a system of
three-member opposition: masculine, feminine and neuter:
Masculine gender Feminine gender Neuter
gender
The formal grammatical category of gender of
inanimate nouns does not reflect biological characteristic (sex) of things. For
example, the noun стол does not denote sex, but it is a noun of masculine gender.
In the nouns denoting male and female
living beings sex and gender coincide:
сын (male sex, masculine gender) дочь (female sex,
feminine gender) конь (male sex, masculine gender) курица (female sex, feminine
gender)nouns denoting sex cause more interferences when English is spoken by
Uzbeks, than by Russians. Uzbek students usually make mistakes when replacing
them with the pronouns he or she. It is difficult for Uzbeks and Russians to
express sex in English when the means of expressing it differ.
.4 Zoonims as separate
lexical units
Zoonims as separate lexical units and as
components of steady expressions are widely presented in all languages of the
world and concern one of most the most ancient and extended. Features of
judgement of an extralanguage reality are reflected brighter in zoonymic
lexicon, than in any other area of language. It is characteristic that the name
of animals in different languages contains different qualities. It testifies to
individuality of figurative thinking of the concrete people that shows
difficult associative-psychological process, and also about distinctions in a
valuable picture of the world of various ethnoses. The Zoonymic lexicon as
object of research deserves special attention also because, submitting to norms
of language, it forms a specific subsystem in which there are the laws
demanding special studying.names of animals (or zoonyms) provide us with
all kinds of clues about our ancestors, especially if we study them in
connection with anthropological data. And it also works the other way round:
etymological studies benefit from anthropology. An excellent example of this
type of research is Xaverio Ballester’s Zoуnimos Ancestrales.
In his book, Ballester analyses a series of zoonimsand reaches interesting
(sometimes surprising) conclusions. In many cases, the animals have names
related to kinship: they were called «mothers» or «grandparents». An example of
this is the Spanish word comadreja (English weasel), from the
word for mother (madre in Spanish). There are many more examples,
but normally they are not so easy to recognize. In other cases we see the
effect of a taboo applied to a given animal, and the substitution of the
original name for another (an example of this type of linguistic phenomenon can
be seen in this post: The name of the bear). In general, all these terms,
coined in a given culture and conditioned by its ideology (religious thoughts,
mythology, etc.), are an important indication of the possible chronology of a
dialect's vocabulary. Some zoonyms, for example, are only understandable in the
context of a hunter-gatherer society (like the ones in Paleolithic Europe or in
some areas of the world today); others originated in the notional world of the
farmer, or the shepherd. Ballester's zoonimsare an open door to our remote
past. They are indeed ancestral. Another interesting aspect of this book is the
fact that, applying this combination of etymology and anthropology, Ballester
is also able to refute some generally established assumptions about animals in
antiquity, e.g. the ones about horses in connection with Indo-Europeans. I
personally think that his chapter about horses will become a classic in
historical linguistics. On the whole, Zoуnimos Ancestrales is a
highly interesting and readable book. I strongly recommend it.
2. The use of gender with zoonimsin
English and Uzbek
.1 Theoretical bases of translation
English words into Uzbek by expressing the category of gender
is the multidimensional phenomenon providing
overcoming not only language, but also cultural barriers. Translation is a kind
of communicative activity at which are compared not only language forms, but
also language vision of the world and a dialogue situation along with a wide
range of the extra language factors defined by the general concept of culture.
Hence, the translator carries out the important social function of the
intermediary between two communities with different languages and different
cultures.approach to translation process has found the reflexion in Breusa
E.V.'s treating translation as the certificate intercultural communications
[Breus theoretical model, 1998].process, i.e. dialogue, assumes a generality of
language and background knowledge of communicants, their accessory to one
society. When there is a necessity for dialogue between communicants, belonging
to different language collectives, the language intermediary - the translator
who takes the information from the text in one language (SL - the source
language) is involved and translations it by creation of communicatively
equivalent text on a target language (TL - translating language).
Communications carried out by means of the translator can be named
intercultural communications [Breus, 1998]..N. Komissarov considers translation
as a kind of language intermediary at which the maintenance of the text
(original) speaking another language is translated to other language by
creation in this language of communicatively equivalent text. The communicative
equivalence is understood as ability of the text of translation to represent
itself as full replacement of the initial text (in the functional, substantial
and structural relation). He also states four linguistic theories in which
frameworks translation process models are offered, and, accordingly, results
four definitions of translation. According to denotative theories,
translation is «process of the description by means of a target language
denotates, described on a source language» [Commissioners, 1999]. According to transformational
theory, «translation is not that other, as transformation of units and
source language structures to units and target language structures»
[Commissioners, 1999]. According to the semantic theory, translation
«consists in disclosing of essence of equivalent relations between the original
and translation maintenance» [Commissioners, 1999]. The theory of levels of
equivalence offers «the model of translational activity based on the offer
that equivalence relations are established between similar levels of the
maintenance of texts of the original and translation» [Commissioners, 1999].process
is the search connected with a consecutive choice from possible variants.
Carrying out this choice, the translator constantly uses own linguistic and когнитивными knowledge,
and, besides, considers linguistic and когнитивные the knowledge of the
future readers reflecting features of their culture.any more is not the
isolated area of a linguistic science. The translation process analysis has
included new psycholinguistic and cognitive aspects [A. Chesterman, 2000]. Now
while translating began to consider sociological, cultural urological and
situational factors which have placed translation in a wide social context.
Thus very much the great value is got by cultural and communicative aspects, on
them becomes more emphasis, than on language of the text.years there were many
descriptions of translation as cognitive process. All of them of hypothetical,
presumable character because to comprehend that occurs in consciousness of the
person at the moment of transformation of the maintenance expressed in one
language form, to the same maintenance materialized in other language form, it
is not obviously possible at the present stage of development of sciences. The
brain activity which product is translation, probably, will be sometime solved
by efforts of experts of various scientific disciplines. To open this secret
experts in the field of physiology of the higher nervous activity,
biochemistry, psychophysiology, physics and other sciences try.models of
translation process offered by linguists are under construction on the basis of
speculative parcels and the conclusions, introspection of translators, etc. For
example, transformation model translation is treated as transformation
of the text of the source language to the text on a target language. The translator
perceives the original, makes in consciousness a number interlanguage
transformations and «gives out» ready translation. The main things appear
operations on transformation so-called «nuclear syntactic structures» which,
according to supporters of this model, coincide in various languages and are
characterized by a generality of logic-syntactic links and lexical structure.
Differently, the original text is understood as set of initial structures which
should be conformity in a target language or these conformity should «be
deduced» according to transformation rules. In consciousness of the translator
the original text on an analysis phase is minimized in a set of nuclear
structures, then on the following phase this set is replaced with equivalent
structures of a target language which will then be transformed to the real text
of translation corresponding to the original.is necessary to mention the
so-called theory of language conformity into which problem the
establishment of natural conformity between original and translation units at
language and speech level enters also. Language conformity can be defined as
known realities and, for example, at word level to be fixed in bilingual
dictionaries. Speech conformity are established at comparison of concrete
texts. For the first time idea of natural conformity J.I. Retsker who has
defined on the basis of comparison of texts of the original and translation
various types of conformity (equivalent, alternative, contextual) and kinds of
translational transformations [has put forward Retsker, 1974].the last years
special value was got by the communicative theory of translation which
considers translation as one of communications kinds (as the certificate of
bilingual communications). Translation as process of bilingual communications
is in general similar to process of monolingual communications. In the course
of monolingual communications there is a message, its sender and the addressee,
a code (language) and a communication channel (written or oral speech taking into
account a genre of this speech). In the simplified kind it is possible to
present the scheme of monolingual communications as follows: the sender codes
the message (in any language) and translations it on corresponding channel
(oral or written speech), the addressee decodes it (т.е. perceives and
comprehends the received information):SENDER> THE MESSAGE>
CODING/PROCESSING/DEPARTURE> THE MESSAGE> THE ADDRESSEE's notice once
again that fact that the communications model is process of monolingual
communications while the communicative model of translation represents process
of bilingual communications. Thus presence of the intermediary (translator)
between the sender and the addressee of the message will be the important
distinctive feature of communicative model of translation from communications
model. Hence, the communication chain while translating will look as follows:
the sender codes the message (in any language) and translations it on
corresponding channel (oral or written speech), the translator decodes it (i.e.
perceives and comprehends the received information), then will recode the
apprehended information by means of a new code (other language) and translations
it for the final addressee on the same or other channel with preservation of
genre features of the initial message:INITIAL SENDER> THE MESSAGE>
DECODING (TRANSLATOR) / CODING (THE TRANSLATOR ON OTHER CODE (LANGUAGE))>
THE MESSAGE> DECODING BY THE ADDRESSEEscheme is based on positions of the
theory of communication, and language of the person is considered as an
original code. Complicates the scheme that circumstance that the
addressee-translator should choose an optimum variant from possible variants of
translation of the initial information. Important and that the translator is
considered the participant of process of the communications, carrying out
double function, the addressee and the sender of the information. In
communicative model relations which in semiotics are defined as syntactic,
semantic and pragmatical are considered. Semantics, a situation and function
make an invariant basis of the statement on source languages and translation.in
systems SL and TL and features of creation of texts on each of these languages
in different degree can limit possibility of full preservation in translation
of the maintenance of the original. Therefore translational equivalence can be
based on preservation (and according to loss) the different elements of sense
containing in the original. Commissioners, for example, allocates five levels
(types) of equivalence depending on what part of the maintenance is
translationred in translation for maintenance of its equivalence
[Commissioners, 1999].text reflects communicative installations of the
sender of the text, carries out any communicative function: informs any facts,
expresses emotions, comes into contact between communicators, presence in the
course of communications of the similar purpose demands from a receptor of any
reaction or actions, etc. defines the general character of translated messages
and their language registration. The text can is consecutive or simultaneously
carry out some communicative functions, but it should have in the maintenance
of a functional problem (the communications purpose), without having lost the
communicativeness, i.e. without having ceased to be result of the certificate
of speech communications. Result of performance by the text of communicative
functions and installations is the communicative effect. It is thus important
to keep while translating equivalence of communicative effect of translated
units [Nida, 1975].more important point while translating is achievement of
certain aesthetic influence, artistic image creation as it is the purpose of
any work of art. Hence, the literary translation main task is generation on a
target language of the speech product having similar is art-aesthetic
influence.while translating from English into Uzbek words with the expressed
category of a gender not always probably to compound, therefore in most cases
the translator is guided by norms of a native language according to which one
animals and birds appear a feminine gender (a cat, a dog, an
owl, etc.), and others - musculine (an elephant, a nightingale,
a sparrow, etc.). Thus in Uzbek there are steams of words for a designation
of animals as man's, and female (a cock - the hen, a bull - a cow)
where on the foreground the biological gender of an animal (and both words
appear marked on the basis of a sex) acts, and also exist such steams of words
in man's and a feminine gender (a cat - a cat, a dog - a dog),
where a basic role are played by morphological indicators of words (and on the
basis of a sex marked there is only one word from pair), instead of a natural
sex of an animal. For example, speaking: I have a dog, the person not
necessarily means an animal of a female. At the same time to pick up pair of a
feminine gender for a masculine gender noun (and on the contrary) it is
possible not always: a cat - a cat, but an owl., though above we
specified such steams of words as a dog - a dog, a cat - a cat
which allow to pick up while translating from English into Russian language a
word in «the necessary» gender, it is very important to consider naturalness
of sounding (naturalness) given language unit on a target language. The
concept of naturalness of sounding while translating means use of such means of
a target language which are perceived by carriers as habitual and natural in
the given context. Naturalness of sounding also follows from communicative
effect, that is degree of achievement of equivalence of communicative effect
while translating. While translating zoonims sometimes there is an infringement
denotative equivalence for achievement of equivalent communicative effect of
unit of translation, in such cases dynamic equivalence is priority. With
reference to translation of names of animals it means that there is a tradition
on which this or that animal in English language is presented, for example, in
a masculine gender, but in representation of native speakers of Russian the
given animal is a feminine gender being that is presented, for example, in
folklore and art fairy tales. Here it is represented expedient to speak about polysystem.
According to the theory of Tauri, the polysystem represents the system
including all literature in this or that language (including the translation
literature) and which influences perception of environment the person [Towry,
1987]. Leaning against offered Tauri the theory, it is possible to offer
concept of fantastic polysystem which covers all fantastic material in
Russian and which forms representation of native speakers of Russian about
those or other animals.
2.2 Generic categorization of zoonimsin
English and Uzbek
study about the category of gender has an old
tradition. The question on ways of language expression of distinction of sex of
live beings interests many scientists. Owing to historically developed language
traditions the gender of animals in English and Uzbek languages often does not
coincide also a question on ways of language expression of distinction of a sex
of live beings interests many scientists. At the same time studying of a
category of gender in modern English language remains very important and actual
problem. The given work is represented actual as research in it is spent in the
tideway of cultural and cognitive linguistics.
In modern foreign and domestic linguistics there
is a set of the references devoted to a problem of a category of gender in
English language. Earlier various aspects of a problem of a grammatical gender
were investigated. Within the limits of given article to shine the maintenance
of all works it is impossible, however nevertheless it is necessary to state
short hypotheses of different researchers about an origin and grammatical
gender functions.are three basic hypotheses of an origin of a grammatical
gender: semantic, morphological and syntactic. Supporters of the semantic
concept (I.G. Gerder, J. Grimm, V. Humboldt, T. Jakobi, etc.) believe that at
the heart of a grammatical gender opposition on a sex lies; the sex sign was
translated by ancient Endo-Europeans on subjects of the lifeless nature. Thus
all big, fast, active concerns a masculine gender, all small, quiet, passive -
to female, and all artificial and collective - to an average.of the
morphological concept treat gender as a formal category.of the syntactic
concept of G. Shteyntal, J. Fyodor, V.V. Joffe believe that the gender is
possible only in such languages in which there is such syntactic link, as the
coordination. If in language the noun has gender category this category also
the adjective necessarily has.Old English language gender was expressed
morphologically, therefore expression of syntactic links between words by means
of their coordination in a gender was its appointment except morphological
classification of a noun. And in modern English language morphological
indicators of a category of gender have appeared basically lost, therefore
value of gender in English language is translationred: a) a lexical word
meaning: a masculine gender-man, boy; a feminine gender-woman, girl;
a neutral gender-table, house; b) personal pronouns-he, she, it;
c) in structure of a word by means of suffixes-ess, - ine, - er: an
actress, and heroine, a widower, a tigress; d)
compound nouns: and woman-doctor; a he-wolf - a she-wolf.modern
English language of a word are classified «by the nature of» through those
subjects with which they correspond. Formally it is expressed, first of all, in
a choice of various personal pronouns. This choice basically is based on an
animate-inanimateness sign. Unlike Uzbek where usually animated names cannot
correspond with a neutral gender, in English language there is a whole class of
the nouns designating animals, birds and other beings which corresponds with a
common gender and has a pronoun it.
Also for research those original kinds of a
categorization which are shown in the English literature concerning the words
designating animals, birds, insects and other representatives of a class
zoonims actual.this it is possible to draw a conclusion, as a patrimonial
categorisation of the words designating animals, in these two languages occurs
differently: if in Uzbek the words designating animals, correspond with that or
other it come depending on the termination in English language zoonimsit is
necessary to recognise a patrimonial categorisation any as formal
characteristics of an accessory of those or others zoonimsto any gender do not
exist.question of correlation of the borrowed names of animals with one of
three grammatical genders in Uzbek is actual. Such words as a zebra, the
kangaroo or the koala obtain a certain grammatical gender in
compliance with grammatical rules of Uzbek, thus it is difficult enough to
tell, the word of a kangaroo concerns what gender. In this case,
obviously, a main role the context in which this word will appear will play.
«As it is known, the question of correlation of
names of animals with that or other comes repeatedly rose in the literature,
but it was discussed mainly in the general-theoretical plan. For example, R.
Kvirk in the university English grammar gives classification of correlation of
pronouns of the third party of a singular with zoonims. R. Kvirk notices that
names of the higher animals correspond with that or other pronoun (he or
she), first of all, depending on a gender of an animal and its practical
importance for the person as for many animals there are words, both for a
designation of the individual of a male, and for a designation of the
individual of a female (for example, bull - cow, stallion - mare,
tiger - tigress, etc.); And the lowest animals, according to
classification of Kvirka, correspond with a neutral gender pronoun (it).
However this classification has the generalized character and does not reflect
the valid correlation by authors of literary fairy tales of personal pronouns
with certain names of animals.is necessary to notice that in English language
the same animal can correspond both with a feminine gender pronoun, and with a
masculine gender pronoun, and this choice or completely depends from intuition
the author, or is dictated by tradition and the norm accepted in fantastic
products».that a grammatical gender often does not coincide with natural (i.e.
with a sex), many scientists recognize that the form, (and also the object
origin, carried out function if it is a question of the representative of
fauna, an occupation, affinity speaking to the nature, its feature or its
temperament and other factors), instead of value is a determinative in a
considered problem that, however, is not relevant for modern English
language.for indirect instructions of a sex of an animal in English language
there was variety of receptions. So, for example, wishing to let know that the
given animal is a he-cat, instead of a she-cat, the Englishman
will tell he-cat or tom-cat and if it will be a question of she-cat,
will be told she-cat or pussy-cat. The English word «sparrow»
is meant «by a sparrow in general», without instructions on its sex. If
it is necessary to name a sparrow-male, it name «cocksparrow».a
patrimonial categorization of zoonims in English language very important role
is played by stereotypes as correlation of any word with social comes occurs on
the basis of stereotypic classification. Stereotyping is connected with J.
Grimma's mentioned concept that all active and strong is a male sign, and all
weak and passive is the characteristic for all female.existing tradition in
English folklore, poetry and fairy tales of the name of animals are
comprehended, if there is a necessity in man's or a feminine gender. That in
Uzbek the gender category is purely grammatical category, while translating
often or the gender of an animal (if the translator does not manage to find an
equivalent in «the necessary» gender) varies that sometimes conducts to loss of
certain sense, or the gender remains same, as well as in the original
text.practice translators offer some ways of translating zoonims from English
into Uzbek.
Full translation is applied
when the nouns which gender coincides in two considered languages, represent
the most simple case for translation - the translator simply gives available
equivalent of this word.discrepancy of a grammatical gender in English and
Uzbek languages next ways of translating are applied.
Zero translation allows to
avoid the use of pronouns of this or that gender (i.e. grammatical
transformation of omission). Phraseological units with components - zoonims can
be the vivid example of such translation:that sleeps with dogs must rise up
with fleas - «Қозонга яқинлашсанг қораси юқади»
However such transformation not always approaches
for names of animals in fairy tales where animals are protagonists or occupy
position, equivalent to the human.
Addition. If it is impossible to
transform zoonim so that he specified in the necessary gender, the translator
regenders by the way to addition of the words showing the necessary gender. For
example, «When we were little», the Mock Turtle went on at last, more calmly,
«we went to school in the sea. The master was an old Turtle - we used to
call him Tortoise.»this example from «in the country of miracles» the
turtle is connected by Alisy with man's image: he/she is «жаноб», «домла». In
translationing the translator should add a word-carrier of a masculine gender
(«old man») that the initial embodiment was more natural in Uzbek context where
a word «turtle» of a feminine gender does not associate with a male:
Functional replacement. At
discrepancy of a gender the translator often does English replacement zoonims
by Uzbek word with opposite it come.majority of linguists considers that in
English language the gender exists as a lexico-semantic category. In English
fairy tales the patrimonial categorisation of animals occurs depending on intuition
the author, and on Uzbek these animals are translated already depending on
translational possibilities. In cases when the gender of animals does not
coincide also the translator decides to keep an original gender, he regenders
to various translational receptions (for example, zero translation, addition,
replacement, etc.).
2.3 Connotational peculiarities of English and
Uzbek zoomorphic phraseologisms
sociolinguistic direction in the study of
phraseological units put forward the need for a detailed analysis of their
ethno-cultural peculiarities and interlingual relations on the basis of
culturally relevant evidences. Not by chance, most domestic and foreign
cross-cultural researches in the field of phraseology is not focused on the
mechanical detection of parallel structures of units in different languages,
and the disclosure of internal connections and interdependence of the studied
linguistic phenomena. In the ethnic culture of different peoples phaseologisms
including the names of animals - is primarily a statement about the
human-being, his spiritual and social terms.a large number of English
zoomorphic phraseological units have full or partial equivalents in other
languages, because of the coincidence of mental maps of reality in carriers of
different languages and common elements of culture the so-called «cultural
universals». However due to differences in cultural factors, ethnic origin,
different lingua world picture and the various literary sources, many
zoomorphic set expressions contain an element of value, which is understandable
only for the carriers of given culture, served by its language.example, in
English, there are such verbal clichйs like «it rains cats and dogs» (a
heavy rain), and «a rat race» (competition), «to suck the monkey»
(about the manner of drinking from the bottle), and other. In Uzbek also such
clichйs are found: «қўй оғзидан чўп олмас» (about quiet
and mild person); «дунёни бир четида» (a great
distance away from); «қуён юрак» (the coward). In general,
the traditional choice of zoonims in phraseological fund of Uzbek and English
languages has much in common both in the aspect of theory nomination and in
terms of valuation connotation.positive connotation of zoonim «horse» in
semisphere of English and Uzbek ethnic culture confirmed by examples of
contextual implementation, apparently goes back to ancient archaic trickster,
embodied by the literary tradition. «A horse! My Kingdom for a
horse!» - exclaimed Shakespeare’s Richard III. Many period of evolutionary
development a human-being and a horse passed together in the spiritual and
physical harmony with each other. The world history has documented numerous
instances of the sublime, grateful and respectful treatment of the owner to his
horse. According to the testimony of Pliny the younger, a horse «sat» in the
legislature such as the horse of the Roman emperor Caligula, which was
«promoted to the senators and consuls». The image of a horse appears in all the
world’s great religions. In the Greek myth Poseidon and Medusa Gorgona had the
son - winged Pegasus, a symbol of inspiration. In Buddhism it is Kantka, white
horse of Gautama. In Islam - Al-Barak, in Christianity - the horses of the
horsemen of Apocalypse. We observed the collection of Uzbek proverbs where
were 350 proverbs about animals. Among them proverbs containing zoonim «horse»
takes premier place and precisely all of them have positive connotation. Here
we see the table
Animals
|
Quantity
of proverbs
|
Percent
|
Horse
|
105
|
30%
|
Dog
|
76
|
21%
|
Sheep
|
66
|
19%
|
Cow
|
24
|
7%
|
Donkey
|
16
|
5%
|
Others
|
63
|
18%
|
The highest percentage of examples with a
negative evolutional connotation falls on donkey semisphere. Paradoxical nature
of the interpretation of this image in English ethnic culture is that in
ancient times, a donkey was considered as a sacred animal. Certain rituals
associated with the glorification of the donkey went into the use of a Catholic
and the Orthodox Church. In some counties of the United Kingdom and on the west
of the USA such competitions as «donkey’s beauty» and «donkey’s parades» still
take place to commemorate of the escape of the Holy Family on donkeys to Egypt.
In Russia for a long time there was a ritual-Passover detour Kremlin by
Patriarch riding on a donkey in memory of Christ’s entry into Jerusalem. There
is a unit in folklore and in phraseology, however, a donkey - a symbol of
stupidity, stubbornness, laziness. Historically it was first mean of transport,
transport which was employed by prophets. However, only some settled tribes of
Uzbekistan used donkey as a mean of transport. So, Uzbek set-expressions and
proverbs with zoonim «donkey» always have negative evaluative connotations. In
the studied English phraseological fund only one proverb contains positive
evaluative component: «Asses as well as pitchers have ears» (fools and children
understand much more than the speaking people think).the results of
cross-cultural research in phraseology enables to make the following
conclusions:, the most important legacy of archaic zoomorphism is not so much of
its semantics (in most cases it is destroyed), is not mythic tradition, but the
principle of unity of people and animals in the chain of wildlife within a
particular ethnic culture.of the existence of similarities and structural and
semantic parallels, zoomorphic phraseological units in different languages have
vivid national characteristics, due to both intra-linguistic factors and
features of the national - cultural environment.
Conclusion
analysis of translating made us zoonims from
English into Uzbek language has allowed to track following laws:
1. The gender as actually grammatical
category in modern English language is absent, as this category has appeared is
partially lost in the course of historical development. At the present stage of
development of language it is possible to speak about presence of
lexico-semantic value at a gender category.
2. The gender category in English language
is traditionally allocated in connection with two phenomena: expression of
distinctions of a sex and pronominalno-substantive correlation.
. The patrimonial categorization of
animals in English literary fairy tales differs from a traditional patrimonial
categorization of animals in language. Uzbek nouns denoting male and female sex
are of no grammatical significance in contrast to English and Russian ones. The
grammatical significance of English nouns denoting male and female sex is
observed when they are replaced by the pronouns he and she: I
have a brother. He is a doctor. I have a sister. She is a teacher. Discrepancy
of principles of a categorisation in two languages represents typological
distinction between two given languages.
. The literary work is closely connected
with language system in which it is created. While translating speech should go
not only about translating of a literary work from one language system to
another, but also from one mental sphere in another where all relations and
communications, and also cultural bases are not that, as in the first. While
translating zoonims equivalence, and dynamic equivalence which together should
participate in creation equivalent under the maintenance and an equal literary
work on value on a target language should be considered as denotative.
. The nouns, which gender coincides in two
considered languages, represent the most simple case for translating - the
translator simply gives available equivalent of this word.
6. At sending on an animal
by means of a pronoun the translator keeps a pronoun gender if it keeps a
gender of the animal.
The list of used literature
1. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного
английского языка. Л.: «Просвещение», 1973
2. Бархударов Л.С. Очерки по морфологии
современного английского языка. М.: «Высшая школа», 1975
. Бархударов Л.С. Язык и перевод. М., 1975
. Блох М.Я. Теоретическая грамматика
английского языка: Учебник. - 2-е изд., М.: «Высшая школа», 1994
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