GroundhogDay
|
February,
2
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Lincoln'sBirthday
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February,
12
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Valentine'sDay
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February,14
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Washington'sBirthday
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February,22
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St. Patrick'sDay
|
March,17
|
AprilFools'sDay
|
April,
1
|
Earth Day
|
April, 22 (since 1970)
|
Administrative Assistants' Day
|
Wednesday of the last full week of
April (that is, the Wednesday before the last Saturday in April) since 1955
|
Arbour Day
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the last Friday in April (since
1872)
|
Mothers' Day
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second Sunday in May
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Fathers' Day
|
third Sunday in June
|
Parents' Day
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fourth Sunday in July
|
Grandparents' Day
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Sunday after Labor Day
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UnitedNationsDay
|
October,
24
|
October,
31
|
2.New Year’s Day
The beginning of the New Year has
been welcomed on different dates throughout history. Great Britain and its
colonies in America adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752, in which January
1st was restored as New Year's Day. Ways of celebrating differ as well,
according to customs and religions of the world. People in Moslem societies,
for example, celebrate the New Year by wearing new clothes. Southeast Asians
release birds and turtles to assure themselves good luck in the twelve months
ahead. Jewish people consider the day holy, and hold a religious ceremony at a
meal with special foods. Hindus of India leave shrines next to their beds, so
they can see beautiful objects at the start of the New Year. Japanese prepare
rice cakes at a social event the week before the New Year. the custom, most of
people feel the same sentiment. With a new year, we can expect a new life. We
wish each other good luck and promise ourselves to do better in the following
year. the United States, the federal holiday is January first, but Americans
begin celebrating on December 31. Sometimes people have masquerade balls, where
guests dress up in costumes and cover their faces with masks. According to an
old tradition, guests unmask at midnight. the warmer regions all around the
country there are other games whose names are characteristic of the state.
People watch the Orange Bowl game in Florida, the Cotton Bowl in Texas, and the
Sugar Bowl in Louisiana. In most cultures, people promise to better themselves
in the following year. Americans have inherited the tradition and even write
down their New Year's resolutions. Whatever the resolution, most of them are
broken or forgotten by February!
3.Martin Luther King’s day
"We will not resort to
violence. We will not degrade ourselves with hatred. Love will not be returned
with hate."
It was December, 1955, and Martin
Luther King, Jr. had just received his doctorate degree in theology. He had
moved to Montgomery, Alabama to preaсh
(проповедовать)
at a Baptist church. He saw there, as in many other southern states that
African-Americans had to ride in the back of public buses. Dr. King knew that
this law violated (нарушал)
the rights of every African-American. He organized and led a boycott of the
public buses in the city of Montgomery. Any person, black or white, who was
against segregation (изоляции)
refused to use public transportation. Those people who boycotted were
threatened (угрожали)
or attacked by other people, or even arrested or jailed (Заключенывтюрьму)
by the police. After 382 Days of boycotting the bus system, the Supreme Court
declared that the Alabama state segregation law was unconstitutional. 1968, Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated (убит)
while he was leading a workers' strike in Memphis, Tennessee. White people and
black people who had worked so hard for peace and civil rights were shocked and
angry. The world grieved (горевал)
the loss (потери) of this
man of peace.following is an excerpt from the speech entitled "I Have a
Dream," delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on the steps of the Lincoln
Memorial on August 28, 1963.
"I Have A
Dream"say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and
frustrations of the moment I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in
the American dream.have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the
sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit
down together at the table of brotherhood.have a dream that one day even the
state of Mississippi, a desert state sweltering with the heat of injustice and
oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.have a
dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they
will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their
character...have a dream that one day the state of Alabama ... will be
transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be
able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as
sisters and brothers.if America is to be a great nation this must become true.
So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.freedom ring
from the mighty mountains of New York. freedom ring from the snow-capped
Rockies of Colorado!freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California!not
only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!freedom ring from
Lookout Mountain of Tennessee!we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from
every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be
able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men,
Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and
sing in the words of that old Negro spiritual, “Free at last! Free at last!
Thank God almighty, we are free at last!”
. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s death
did not slow the Civil Rights Movement. Black and white people continued to
fight for freedom and equality. Coretta Scott King is the widow (вдова)
of the civil rights leader. In 1970, she established the Martin Luther King Jr.
Memorial Centre in Atlanta, Georgia. This "living memorial" consists
of his boyhood home and the Ebenezer Baptist Church, where King is buried.15
had been observed as a public holiday for many years in 27 states and
Washington, D.C. Finally, in 1986, President Ronald Reagan declared the third
Monday in January a federal legal holiday commemorating Dr. Martin Luther
King's birthday. , offices and federal agencies are closed for the holiday. On
Monday there are quiet memorial services as well as elaborate ceremonies in honour
of Dr. King. On the preceding Sunday, ministers of all religions give special
sermons reminding everyone of Dr.King's lifelong work for peace. All weekend,
popular radio stations play songs and speeches that tell the history of the
Civil Rights Movement. Television channels broadcast special programs with
filmed highlights of Dr. King's life and times.
4.Presidents’ Day
Until the mid-1970s, the February 22
birthday of George Washington, hero of the Revolutionary War and first
president of the United States, was a national holiday. In addition, the
February 12 birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the president during the Civil War
(1861-1865), was a holiday in most states.the 1970s, Congress declared that in
order to honour all past presidents of the United States, a single holiday, to
be called Presidents' Day, would be observed on the third Monday in February.
In many states, however, the holiday continues to be known as George
Washington's birthday. Until 1971, both February 12 and February 22 were observed
as federal public holidays to honour the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln (February
12) and George Washington (February 22).1971 President Richard Nixon proclaimed
one single federal public holiday, the Presidents’ Day, to be observed on the
third Monday of February, honouring all past president of the United States of
America.
Abraham
Lincoln
"...As I would not be a slave,
so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy. Whatever
differs from this, to the extent of the difference, is no democracy"
"If we
do not make common cause to save the good old ship of the Union on this voyage,
nobody will have a chance to pilot her on another voyage"
Of all the presidents in the history
of the United State, Abraham Lincoln is probably the one that Americans
remember the best and with deepest affection. His childhood in the frontier of
Indiana set the course for his character and motivation later in life. He
brought a new honesty and integrity to the White House. He would always be
remembered as "honest Abe." Most of all, he is associated with the
final abolition of slavery (уничтожениерабства).
Lincoln became a virtual symbol of the American dream whereby an ordinary
person from humble beginnings could reach the pinnacle (вершины)
of society as president of the country.few years later, slavery became a
stronger issue, and more people were willing to abolish it. Lincoln joined the
Republicans, a new political party that was opposed to slavery. The Republicans
nominated him for the U.S. Senate in 1858, and in his acceptance speech, he
stated:
"A house divided against itself
cannot stand... This government cannot endure, permanently half-slave and
half-free... I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the
house to fall but I do expect it will cease to be divided. "Lincoln's
oratorical powers brought him to the attention of the nation. He challenged the
Democratic nominee to the Senate to a series of debates. Using the simple
language that he used to communicate with people all his life, he defeated (разрушил)
Douglas in the debates but lost to him in the election.April 14, Mr. and Mrs.
Lincoln attended a play at the Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. A few minutes
past ten o'clock, an actor who disagreed with Lincoln's political opinions
stepped into the Presidential box and shot the President. He died the following
morning.
George Washington
"The father of his
country"
George Washington, born on February
22, 1732 in Virginia, was a natural leader, instrumental in creating a united
nation out of a conglomeration of struggling colonies and territories. The
first president of the United States of America is affectionately honoured as
"the father of his country."
Shortly after his twenty-second
birthday, Washington served in the army of King George III of England and was
put in command of a troop of soldiers. The French were settling on British soil
and turning the local Indians against the British colonists. Later, in the war
against the French and Indians, Washington commanded large troops of soldiers
and showed courage that inspired all his soldiers. was a reluctant (сопротивляющийся)
leader. As he inspired his soldiers through two wars, he saw himself serving
his country, not leading it. When he accepted two terms as president, he saw
himself serving God and his country in peacetime. He turned down a third term
as president, wishing only to retire (уйтивотставку)
to his beautiful family home, Mount Vernon. communities observe the holiday by
staging pageants (организациейпарадов)
and re-enactments of important milestones (этапы)
in Washington's life. Also, the holiday has taken on another side, much more
commercial in nature. Many shopping malls and stores run Presidents' Day sales
to attract shoppers who have the day off from work or school.
The White House in office, George
Washington held a contest for the best architectural design of a
"President's Palace." Among the competitors was Thomas Jefferson,
author of the Declaration of Independence and an architect. design was entered
anonymously, sighed only with the initials "A. Z." It didn't win. An
Irish architect named James Hoban won $500, a piece of land, and of course the
honour of having his plans used in the final design. called it the
"President's House" because the word "palace" reminded them
of the monarchy that they recently broke away from. The official name was the
"Executive Mansion" from 1818-1902. Today it is called simply
"The White House." Some historians say that people began calling it
the White House because it was painted white after being restored after it had
been burned by the British in 1812. Another legend is that George Washington
named it after his wife's house in the state of Virginia. 1960 when John
Kennedy became President, his wife Jacqueline redecorated the White House to
display the beauty of American furnishings and art. The gardens outside were
beautified and enlarged. Since then the presidents' wives have continued to
maintain their home in a tasteful style.
5.Thanksgiving
Day
The Pilgrims, who celebrated the
first thanksgiving in America, were fleeing religious persecution in their
native England. In 1609 a group of Pilgrims left England for the religious
freedom in Holland where they lived and prospered. After a few years their
children were speaking Dutch and had become attached to the Dutch way of life.
This worried the Pilgrims. They considered the Dutch frivolous and their ideas
a threat to their children's education and morality.
So they decided to
leave Holland and travel to the New World. Their trip was financed by a group
of English investors, the Merchant Adventurers. It was agreed that the Pilgrims
would be given passage and supplies in exchange for their working for their
backers for 7 years. On
Sept. 6, 1620 the Pilgrims set sail for the New World on a ship called the
Mayflower. They sailed from Plymouth, England and aboard were 44 Pilgrims, who
called themselves the "Saints", and 66 others, whom the Pilgrims
called the "Strangers." The
long trip was cold and damp and took 65 days. Since there was the danger of
fire on the wooden ship, the food had to be eaten cold. Many passengers became
sick and one person died by the time land was sighted on November 10th.
Although they had first sighted land off Cape Cod they did not settle until
they arrived at Plymouth, which had been named by Captain John Smith in 1614.
It was there that the Pilgrims decide to settle. Plymouth offered an excellent
harbour. A large brook offered a resource for fish. The Pilgrims biggest
concern was attack by the local Native American Indians. But the Patuxetswere a
peaceful group and did not prove to be a threat.
In 1817 New York
State had adopted Thanksgiving Day as an annual custom. By the middle of the
19th century many other states also celebrated a Thanksgiving Day. In 1863
President Abraham Lincoln appointed a national day of thanksgiving. Since then
each president has issued a Thanksgiving Day proclamation, usually designating
the fourth Thursday of each November as the holiday.was proclaimed a national
day of observance by Congress in 1941. Nowadays it is a family holiday. The
traditional feast consists of turkey with a stuffing. It is served by sweet
potatoes, squash and pumpkin pie. Apple cider is a drink of the day. Football
is the most popular game on this day. Macy’s department store holds a parade in
New York city. At the end Santa Claus comes and it symbolizes the coming of
Christmas.
. Christmas
Christmas is a most important
religious holiday for Christians, who attend special church services to
celebrate the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Since most Americans are Christian,
the day is one on which most businesses are closed and the greatest possible
number of workers; including government employees, have the day off. Many
places even close early on the day before.Christians observe Christmas
according to the traditions of their particular church. Besides the strictly
religious traditions, however, other common Christmas practices are observed by
people who are not religious or who are not Christian. In this way, some
Christmas traditions have become American traditions.
Going home for Christmas is a most cherished
tradition of the holiday season. No matter where you may be the rest of the
year, being at "home" with your family and friends for Christmas is
"a must." The Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays are the busiest
times of the year at airports, train stations and bus depots. It seems that all
America is on the move and Americans are on their way to spend the holidays
with their loved ones. This means that the house will be full of cousins, aunts
and uncles that might not see each other during the year. Everyone joins in to
help in the preparation of the festivities. Some family members go to choose a
Christmas tree to buy and bring home. Others decorate the house or wrap
presents. And of course, each household needs to make lots of food! Christmas
Eve, there are evening church services. Attention is focused on the nativity
scene, while all join in singing carols. On Christmas Day, there are other
religious ceremonies at churches which families attend before they make their
rounds to visit friends and relatives.
The Christmas table looks much like
a Thanksgiving feast of turkey or ham, potatoes and pie. No Christmas is
complete without lots of desserts, and nothing symbolizes Christmas more than
baked breads and cookies hot from the oven. Many American traditional desserts,
like other Christmas customs, were started long ago in other parts of the
world. Guests bring English fruit cake or plum pudding as presents to their
hosts. "Crostoli," fried bread spiced with orange peel, is made in
Italian-American communities. As an ending for the Christmas banquet, Americans
of German background eat "Pfeffernuesse," bread full of sweet spices.
Doughnuts are a holiday offering in many Ukrainian-American homes. Norwegian
"Berlinerkranser" is a wreath-shaped cookie, dozens are made, but few
are left by Christmas morning! Candy doesn't remain for long, either, during
the holiday weeks. Hard candies such as peppermint candy canes and curly green
and red ribbon candy are traditional gifts and goodies. year human interest
newspaper articles remind readers of the origin of Christmas. Shelters for the
homeless and hungry appeal through the newspaper to send money or gifts to
those who are less fortunate. Members of organization such as the Salvation
Army dress up as Santa Claus and stand on the sidewalks outside stores to
collect money for their own soup kitchens. City police forces supervise a
"Toys for Tots" donation, in which people contribute new or used toys
for children in hospitals and orphanages. Employees give a small part of their
pay checks as a donation to a favourite charity. Such groups and organizations
try to emphasize the true message of Christmas- to share what you have with
others
. St.
Valentine’s Day
Every February, across the country,
candy, flowers, and gifts are exchanged between loved ones, all in the name of
St. Valentine. But who is this mysterious saint and why do we celebrate this
holiday? , who was Saint Valentine and how did he become associated with this
ancient rite? Today, the Catholic church recognizes at least three different
saints named Valentine or Valentinus, all of whom were martyred. One legend
contends that Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in
Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers
than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men - his
crop of potential soldiers. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree,
defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret.
When Valentine's actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to
death. Other stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for attempting
to help Christians escape harsh Roman prisons where they were often beaten and
tortured. to one legend, Valentine actually sent the first 'valentine' greeting
himself. While in prison, it is believed that Valentine fell in love with a
young girl - who may have been his jailor's daughter - who visited him during his
confinement. Before his death, it is alleged that he wrote her a letter, which
he signed 'From your Valentine,' an expression that is still in use today.
Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories certainly
emphasize his appeal as a sympathetic, heroic, and, most importantly, romantic
figure. It's no surprise that by the Middle Ages, Valentine was one of the most
popular saints.Great Britain, Valentine's Day began to be popularly celebrated
around the seventeenth century. By the middle of the eighteenth century, it was
common for friends and lovers in all social classes to exchange small tokens of
affection or handwritten notes. By the end of the century, printed cards began
to replace written letters due to improvements in printing technology.
Ready-made cards were an easy way for people to express their emotions in a
time when direct expression of one's feelings was discouraged. Cheaper postage
rates also contributed to an increase in the popularity of sending Valentine's
Day greetings. Americans probably began exchanging hand-made valentines in the
early 1700s. In the 1840s, Esther A. Howland began to sell the first
mass-produced valentines in America. to the Greeting Card Association, an
estimated one billion valentine cards are sent each year, making Valentine's
Day the second largest card-sending holiday of the year. (An estimated 2.6
billion cards are sent for Christmas.) Approximately 85 percent of all
valentines are purchased by women. In addition to the United States, Valentine's
Day is celebrated in Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, France, and Australia.
8. April
Fool's Day
“The first of April is the day we
remember we are the other 364 days of the year.”
In sixteenth-century France, the
start of the new year was observed on April first. It was celebrated in much
the same way as it is today with parties and dancing into the late hours of the
night. Then in 1562, Pope Gregory introduced a new calendar for the Christian
world, and the New Year fell on January first. There were some people, however,
who hadn't heard or didn't believe the change in the date, so they continued to
celebrate New Year's Day on April first. Others played tricks on them and
called them "April fools." They sent them on a "fool's
errand" or tried to make them believe that something false was true. In
France today, April first is called "Poisson d'Avril." French
children fool their friends by taping a paper fish to their friends' backs.
When the "young fool" discovers this trick, the prankster yells
"Poisson d’Avril!" (April Fish!)
The "fools' errands" we
play on people are practical jokes. Putting salt in the sugar bowl for the next
person is not a nice trick to play on a stranger. College students set their
clocks an hour behind, so their roommates show up to the wrong class - or not
at all. Some practical jokes are kept up the whole day before the victim
realizes what day it is. Most April Fool jokes are in good fun and not meant to
harm anyone. The cleverest April Fool joke is the one where everyone laughs,
especially the person upon whom the joke is played.
public holiday сulture
america
9. Halloween
On October 31st, dozens of children
dressed in costumes knock on their neighbours' doors and yell, "Trick or
Treat" when the door opens. Pirates and princesses, ghosts and popular
heroes of the day all hold bags open to catch the candy or other goodies that
the neighbours drop in. As they give each child a treat the neighbours exclaim
over the costumes and try to guess who is under the masks.the 800's November
1st is a religious holiday known as All Saints' Day. The Mass that was said on
this day was called All Hallowmas. The evening before became known as All
Hakkiwe'en, or Halloween. Like some other American celebrations, its origins
lie in both pre-Christian and Christian customs. 31st was the eve of the Celtic
New Year. The Celts were the ancestors of the present-day Irish, Welsh and
Scottish people. On this day ghosts walked and mingled with the living, or so
the Celts thought. The townspeople baked food all that day and when night fell
they dressed up and tried to resemble the souls of the dead. Hoping that the
ghosts would leave peacefully before midnight of the New Year the people
carried the food to the edge of town and left it for them.originated as a
celebration connected with evil spirits. Witches flying on broomsticks with
black cats, ghosts, goblins and skeletons have all evolved as symbols of
Halloween. They are popular trick-or-treat costumes and decorations for
greeting cards and windows. Black is one of the traditional Halloween colours,
probably because Halloween festivals and traditions took place at night. In the
weeks before October 31, Americans decorate windows of houses and schools with
silhouettes of witches and black cats.are also a symbol of Halloween. The
pumpkin is an orange-coloured squash, and orange has become the other
traditional Halloween colour. Carving pumpkins into jack- o'lanterns is a
Halloween custom also dating back to Ireland. A legend grew up about a man named
Jack who was so stingy that he was not allowed into heaven when he died,
because he was a miser. He couldn't enter hell either because he had played
jokes on the devil. As a result, Jack had to walk the earth with his lantern
until Judgement Day. The Irish people carved scary faces out of turnips, beets
or potatoes representing "Jack of the Lantern," or Jack-o'lantern.
When the Irish brought their customs to the United States, they carved faces on
pumpkins because in the autumn they were more plentiful than turnips. Today
jack-o'-lanterns in the windows of a house on Halloween night let costumed
children know that there are goodies waiting if they knock and say "Trick
or Treat!" StoriesHalloween party is complete without at least one scary
story. Usually one person talks in a low voice while everyone else crowds
together on the floor or around a fire. The following is a retelling of a tale
told in Britain and in North Carolina and Virginia.
"What Do You Come
For?"was an old woman who lived all by
herself, and she was very lonely. Sitting in the kitchen one night, she said,
"Oh, I wish I had some company." sooner had she spoken than down the
chimney tumbled two feet from which the flesh had rotted. The old woman's eyes
bulged with terror.two legs dropped to the hearth and attached themselves to
the feet.a body tumbled down, then two arms, and a man's head.the old woman
watched, the parts came together into a great, tall man. The man danced around
and around the room. Faster and faster he went. Then he stopped, and he looked
into her eyes.
"What do you come for? she
asked in a small voice that shivered and shook.
"What do I come for?" he
said. "I come for YOU!"narrator shouts and jumps at the person near
him!
10. Conclusion
Although the United States is young
compared to other countries, its culture and traditions are rich because of the
contributions made by the many groups of people who have come to its shores
over the past two centuries. Hundreds of regional holidays have originated from
the geography, climate and history of the different parts of the country. Each
state holds its own annual fair with local themes and music; and some celebrate
the day on which they joined the Union and became a state.
References
1. English-speaking
countries: A cultural reader. - Х.:Издательскаягруппа
«Академия»,
2000. - 208с.:ил.
2. Mission
2. Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley. - Express Publishing. New edition, 2000. -
208p.:il.
. Rainbow.
English. Step by step. M.S. Shpanko - „Житомирськаоблдрукарня”,
2002. - 164с.
4. Эккерсли
К.Э. Английский для каждого, кн.4. - СПб.: ТИТ «Комета», 1996. - 320 с., ил.
5. <http://www.usinfo.pl/aboutusa/holidays/other.htm>
. <http://www.zona.ru/lite/bel/11515.html>
. http://www.5ka.ru/29/5119/1.html