Иностранный язык. Сфера сервиса (английский язык)

Иностранный язык. Сфера сервиса (английский язык)

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет сервиса и экономики

Кафедра "Межкультурные коммуникации"

Учебное пособие

ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК. СФЕРА СЕРВИСА (АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК)

Санкт-Петербург

ББК 81.2Англ

Одобрено на заседании кафедры "Межкультурные коммуникации", протокол № 5 от 11.01.2010 г.

Утверждено Учебно-методическим советом СПбГУСЭ, протокол № 7 от 02.06.2010 г.

Никитина М.А., Ткачева И.А., Леонтьева Т.Н., Льонченко Т.Т., Маслова Л.С., Бонгард Т.А. Иностранный язык. Сфера обслуживания (Английский язык). Учебное пособие для студентов направления 100100.62 "Сервис". - СПб.: Изд-во СПбГУСЭ, 2010. - 220 с.

Рецензент: канд. филол. наук, доц. каф. "Романо-германские языки" СПбГТУ "Военмех" Судиловская В.Г.

ISBN 978-5-228-00415-3 ©Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет сервиса и экономики, 2010 г.

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

ВВЕДЕНИЕ1. SERVICE INDUSTRY2. ST. PETERSBURG3. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UK4. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA5. POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE US AND THE UK6. TRAVELLING7. AT THE CUSTOMS8. MEALS9. ACCOMMODATION10. LONDON11. SHOPPING12. THE MEDIA

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие по английскому языку является первой частью учебного комплекса по иностранному языку для обучения студентов и бакалавров сервисных специальностей и предназначено для 1-го курса. Оно позволяет систематизировать полученные ранее в рамках средней школы базовые знания, а также способствует дальнейшему совершенствованию языковых навыков и развитию речевых умений.

Данное учебное пособие нацелено на приобретение студентами коммуникативной компетенции, необходимой для делового общения в ситуациях, связанных с деловой поездкой за рубеж и пребыванием в стране изучаемого языка на уровне, позволяющем качественно использовать языковые средства в определенных функциональных целях в соответствии со схемами профессионального взаимодействия. Задачей пособия является подготовка к следующему этапу обучения - приобретению коммуникативной компетенции, достаточной для профессионального общения в сфере изучаемой специальности.

Учебное пособие содержит введение, оглавление, список использованной литературы, заключение и последовательное изложение лексического и грамматического материала в виде 12 разделов, представленных рядом тем в соответствии с Программой по иностранным языкам для вузов неязыковых специальностей.

Каждый раздел содержит один или несколько текстов, список слов и выражений, диалоги, серию заданий и упражнений, грамматический материал. Структура всех разделов унифицирована и включает подразделы, направленные на развитие коммуникативных навыков и умений на основе материалов обсуждаемой тематики. Текстовая информация, обеспечивающая выход на свободное высказывание, затрагивает ситуации официального и неофициального общения в сфере сервиса. В предлагаемой системе заданий и упражнений важная роль отводится принципу ситуативности, который рассматривается как эффективный фактор, стимулирующий речевую деятельность студентов.

В пособие включен грамматический материал, представленный упражнениями и пояснениями к ним. Системность изложения грамматических сведений, а также упражнения, организованные с учетом нарастания трудности и сложности грамматического и методического материала, может позволить студентам достаточно легко систематизировать знания (при необходимости освоить вновь) в области грамматики английского языка.

Учебное пособие также предусматривает работу по овладению студентами основными навыками чтения, развитию интеллектуальных способностей и навыков логического мышления. Каждый текст содержит задания и вопросы для более глубокого понимания содержания прочитанного, а также задачи проблемного характера, направленные на развитие речи, создание базы для дальнейшего расширения лексического запаса и совершенствования разговорных навыков студентов.

Важное место в разделе занимают вопросы для дискуссии. Они разнообразны по тематике и лексико-структурному оформлению и имеют разную степень трудности. Их можно использовать соответственно уровню языковой подготовки студентов. Вопросы проблемного характера способствуют формированию собственных суждений и развитию умений излагать свое мнение и давать оценку прочитанному.

Пособие составлено с учетом имеющегося у преподавательского состава кафедры опыта по изложению учебного материала в области сервиса и может быть использовано широким кругом лиц с целью приобретения иноязычной компетенции, позволяющей уверенно общаться на английском языке в сфере сервиса и профессиональной коммуникации.

UNIT 1. SERVICE INDUSTRY

is the mother of learning.spent on the brain is never spent in vain.good head is better than a hundred strong hands.1. Practice reading the following geographical names and international words.Petersburg, the North-Western region, university, economy, economics, economist, service, institute, education, sphere, specialist, specialty, training, management, specialist, philosophy, anniversary, qualification, industry, correspondence , region, engineering.2. Practice reading the following words combinations. Learn them by heart.education - высшее образование-time study - дневная форма обучения

a correspondence form student - студент заочной формы обученияenter a university - поступить в университетgraduate from a university - закончить университет qualified specialist - высококвалифицированный специалист

career ladder - карьерный рост (карьерная лестница)

to climb the career ladder - подниматься по ступеням карьерной лестницы

in the field of service - в области сервисаindustry - индустрия сервисаenterprises - малое предприятиеcard - студенческий билетrecord book - зачетная книжка- годовщинаenterprise - предприятие сервиса issues - дополнительная литература

bachelor - бакалавр

Bachelor’s degree - степень бакалавра

Master’s degree - степень магистра

Doctorate degree - степень доктораgraduate courses - аспирантура accordance with Bologna Declaration - в соответствии с Болонской декларацией

Task 3. Give the English equivalents.

Высшее образование, дневная форма обучения, карьерная лестница, сфера услуг, студенческий билет, зачетная книжка, предприятия сервиса, бакалавр, степень бакалавр.

Task 4. Translate underlined words and phrases into English.

1. Система высшего образования в России is undergoing great changes.

2. Cтуденты дневного отделения attend classes every day except Sunday.

. Студенческий билет и зачетная книжка are the main documents of the student.

. Выпускники of our university are engaged mainly в индустрии сервиса.

5. Many of them work на малых предприятиях сервиса.

. In 4 years we закончим университет и получим степень бакалавра.

. But I probably продолжу учиться и закончу университет со степенью магистра. And you? What do you think about this? Are you going to продолжать свое образование?

8. As for me, I want подниматься по ступеням карьерной лестницы.

Read and translate the text. Petersburg State University of Service and Economicsme introduce myself. My name is Nikita Maximov. I am 18. This year in August I entered the Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics. I am a first-year student. I study on a full time basis. I study Economics. I hope getting higher education will help me to be highly qualified specialist and to climb the career ladder.course is difficult but it is very interesting. Our lectures usually start at 9 o’clock and finish at about 4p.m. At university we study various general and special subjects such as Mathematics, Computer Science, Philosophy, History, Macroeconomics, Foreign Languages etc. The second - and third-year students have thorough training in Management, Accounting, Marketing, Advertising, Statistics, Banking, Business Ethics and other subjects which are useful for specialists of Economics and Service Industry. Personally I am happy to study at this university. After finishing school I wanted to enter this particular university because it offers good career prospects for those who want to make career in service industry.University of Service and Economics trains highly-qualified specialists in the sphere of service in Saint Petersburg and the North-Western region.are 8 departments at the university:

-       Economics and Management of Service Enterprises;

-       Regional Economics and Management;

-       Tourism and International Economic Relations;

-       Social Science and Management of Social Processes;

-       Arts, Crafts and Design;

-       Motor Transport, Municipal Engineering and Household Facilities Service;

-       Trade and Restaurant Business;

-       Law.accordance with Bologna Declaration, the university provides training in two-level system of higher education: Bachelor’s Degree and Master’s Degree. The university also offers Post-graduate courses.study at the Department of Economics and Management of Service Enterprises. In 4 years I hope to get the Bachelor’s Degree in Economics. After that I am planning to continue my training and earn the Master’s Degree.graduates of our department work as managers, financial managers, accountants or stockbrokers. They also work in banks, local government offices or different service enterprises.and expressions- бухгалтерский учет, бухгалтерское дело - статистика

Regional Economy - региональная экономика

International Economic Relations - международные экономические отношения

Social Science - социологияEngineering and Household Facilities Service - сервис коммунальной и бытовой техники - банковское дело

Arts and crafts - прикладное искусство

Municipal engineering - эксплуатация и ремонт бытовой техники

Trade - торговля

two-level system - 2-уровневая система

graduates - выпускники

accountant - бухгалтер высокого ранга ( ср. book keeper - обычный бухгалтер)

stockbroker - биржевой брокер

scientist - ученый, научный работник

Task 5. Answer the following questions.

. Where does Nikita study?

. Is he a full-time or a part-time student?

. What department is he in?

. How many departments are there at the university?

. What subjects does he study?

. Are you a full-time or a part time student?

. Where do you study?

. How long will you study at the university?

. Do you want to receive the Master’s degree?

. Do you take part in work of student scientific society?

. Where do the graduates of your department work?

. Where do you want to work?

Task 6. Match the English and Russian equivalents.

1.graduatesa.высшее образование

.bachelor degreeb.реклама

.higher educationc.степень бакалавра

.stockbrokerd.выпускники

.bankinge.банковское дело

.sales managerf.бухгалтерский учет

.advertisingg.ученый

.foundationsh.основы

.accountingi.менеджер по продажам

. scientistj.биржевой брокер7. Translate into English.

1. Я учусь в Санкт-Петербургском государственном университете сервиса и экономики на факультете "Экономика и управление предприятиями сервиса". 2. Наш факультет находится в учебном корпусе на улице Седова, дом 55. 3. Это старейшее здание нашего университета. 4. Именно здесь началась его история. 5. Недавно университет отпраздновал 40-летие своего существования. 6. Это самый молодой государственный вуз Санкт-Петербурга. 7. Он развивается быстрыми темпами и успел стать к настоящему времени ведущим университетом в области сервиса в Санкт-Петербурге и Северо-Западном регионе России. 8. Наши выпускники работают в различных областях сферы сервиса. 9. Факультет, на котором я учусь, выпускает специалистов области бухгалтерского учета, банковского дела, менеджмента, налогообложения (Taxation) и прикладной информатики (Applied Computer Science). 10. Я хочу стать специалистом по бухгалтерскому учету и анализу. 11. По-моему, это очень перспективная (promising) специальность и в ней возможен карьерный рост, что для меня важно. 12. Поэтому я стараюсь не только усвоить программный материал, но и быть в курсе (to keep abreast of) всего нового в области экономики. 13. Я вступила (joined) в студенческое научное общество (Students' Scientific Society) (СНО) и хочу подготовить доклад к студенческой научной конференции, которые обычно проходят у нас в университете два раза в год. 14. Материал я хочу взять из зарубежных источников (from foreign sources), поэтому изучению английского языка я уделяю большое внимание. 15. Это и интересно и очень полезно (useful) для будущей карьеры (for future career).

Task 8. Fill in the missing remarks in the dialogue.: Alice, I’d like to introduce my friend Nikita Maximov.: How do you do?: ___.: I’ve heard so much about you. Do you study at the University too?.: ___

A.: No, I study Social Science. I am fascinated by the study of social Processes and their management. My hobby is English. And what about you? Do you like to study foreign languages?

N.: ___and translate the text

Service industrydivide the products of all economic activity into two broad categories, goods and services. Industries that produce goods (tangible objects) include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction. Service industries (tertiary sector of the economy) include everything else.

Although he service industry is most commonly associated with luxury spending, such as tourism, entertainment venues, restaurants and retail stores, a multitude of other vital public services are included in this sector of the economy. Medical professionals, law enforcement <#"512714.files/image001.gif">1. When did the siege start?

. How long did it last?

. How many people were there in the city when the siege started?

. How big was the city’s daily ration in winter of 1941-1942?

. When was the siege broken?

. In which month was the siege lifted?

. How many people died during the Siege?

. In which way are the Siege victims commemorated?EXERCISES

Grammar Revision:

·        Construction There is / There are

·        Articles

·        Indefinite pronouns some / any and their derivatives

·        Little / a little / few / a few

Exercise 1. Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use is /isn’t or are /aren’t.

. (it / hot today)

. (it / windy today)

. (my hands / cold)

. (Russia / a very big country)

. (The Neva River / wide)

. (The Neva / frozen now)

Exercise 2. Translate these sentences into Russian.

. There are twenty pence in a pound sterling . 2. There is one hundred cents in a US dollar. 3. There are 1.6 kilometers in a mile. 4. There are many talented students in this group. 5. Is there a car park near here? 6. Is there a swimming pool in the town?

Exercise 3. Translate these sentences into English.

1. В этой аудитории много современных компьютеров . 2. Сейчас в городе тысячи туристов из разных стран Европы и Америки. 3. На столе лежат книги, журналы и газеты. 4. В этом тексте много сложных слов. 5. На Невском проспекте много соборов и церквей. 6. В этом журнале есть несколько интересных рассказов. 7. В этой группе много студентов. 8. В нашем университете 8 факультетов 9. В Санкт-Петербурге 5 миллионов жителей. 10. В Государственном Эрмитаже свыше 3 миллионов экспонатов. 11. В нашем городе более 400 мостов.

Exercise 4. Explain the use of the indefinite article a/an.

. I’d like to have a dog. 2. She lives in a small flat somewhere in Paris. 3. ‘What do you do?’ ‘I’m a student.’ 4. ‘What’s that?’ ‘It’s a photo camera.’ 5. ‘Is he an architect?’ ‘No, he isn’t. He is an engineer.’ 6. ‘Does Los Angeles have a subway system?’ ‘No, there are only buses and street cars in the city.’ 7. ‘If you need any city transport in Los Angeles you can get a transfer.’ ‘What is a transfer?’ ‘With a transfer you can change to another bus or street car without having to pay another fare.’ 8. ‘What’s a taxi fare?’ ‘It’s from eighty cents to a dollar a mile.’5.Put in the or a/an where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty.

. Where did you have ___lunch?

. We spent ___ month ___Black Sea.

. ___Hermitage stands on ___bank of ___Neva river.

. ___London is one of ___most beautiful cities in ___world.

. When they come to ___ city they always stay in ___’Ritz’

. He spent ___whole day preparing for ___test.

. ___Moon moves around ___Earth.

. He named her Lisa by ___mistake.

. ___Mississippi flows into ____Mexican Gulf.

. Can you tell me where ___Room 25 is?

. Tim lives in ___small village in ___country.

. Peru is ___country in South Africa. ___capital is Lima.

. Ann didn’t go to____work yesterday.

. Will you be at ___home tomorrow afternoon?

Exercise 6. Insert some, any or no.

. Are there _____ letters for me? No, there aren’t ____ letters for you.

. You have _____ very nice water-colors here. 3. I have got ____ interesting books to read. 4. There aren’t ____ magazines here. 5. There are ___ coat-hangers in the wardrobe. 6. I have got ____ interesting news to tell you. 7. There isn’t ___ butter on the table. Take ____ fresh butter from the fridge. 8. Will you have a cup of tee? There is ____ hot water in the kettle. 9. I have got ____ time to speak to you now. I am very busy. 10. Have you got ____ English records at home? 11. You may read ____ book you like. 12. Where can I buy _____ flowers? 13. I am interested in _____ information you can give me on this question. 14. May I have ____water, please? 15. Give me ___ money if you have ____ . 16. If you have ___ idea about it, please tell it to me.

Exercise 7. Insert somebody, someone, anybody, something, anything, everything, nothing, anyone, everybody, nobody, no one, none.

1. I see ____ in the window. 2. Is there ____ new? 3. There is ____in the next room who wants to speak to you. 4. ____ knows about it. 5. Will you give me ____to eat, I am hungry. 6. If ____calls while I am out, ask him to wait. 7. If there is ____ else you want, please let me know. 8. I haven’t any more money about me, so I cannot buy ____else. 9. Where can I get ____ to eat? 10. When can I find ____here who can give me some information on this question? 11. Let me know if ____ happens. 12. I know ___ about your town. Tell me ____about it. 13. I can see ____. It is too dark here. 14. I understand ____ now. Thank you for your explanation. 15. ____ of them speak English well. 16. "Where is the book?" "It’s on the table." "But there is ____there. 17. Please tell us the story. ____ knows it yet. 18. Is there ____ in your group who lives in the hostel? 19. ____can answer this question. It is too difficult. 20. ____can answer this question. It is very easy. 21. The room is empty. ____ is in. 22. ____ likes to go out for a walk when it is raining. 23. Can you see ____ through the fog?

Exercise 8. Insert much, many, little, few.

. There are ___ students in the hall. 2. There is ___ furniture in this room. 3. I haven’t ___ time today. I am very busy. 4. She has ____ Russian but ___English books. 5. Please don’t make so ___ noise. 6. I have _____ mistakes in my dictation. 7. Are there ___ rooms in your flat? 8. I have ____ water in my cup. Give me ____, please. 9. Are there ____ new houses in your street? 10. There isn’t ____ paper in the drawer.

Exercise 9. Insert a few, a little.

. I have got _____ pictures in the room, but not many. 2. There is _____ bread in the cupboard. Take it. 3. There are only _____ cigarettes in the box. 4. ______books are lying on the table, but there are no magazines there. 5. I have ____ money in my pocket. 6. Give me ____ water, please. I am very thirsty. 7. I have just ____ prints, but they all are very good.to do1. Speaking.delegation of students and teachers from Britain are on their visit at your university. They want to go sightseeing on the weekend. You are asked to guide the gests around the St. Petersburg’s central squares and avenues.

UNIT 3. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UK

is never too late to learn.not teach your grandmother to suck eggs.to walk before you run.

Education plays a great role in the modern life. Well educated person is respected and has more opportunities to realize his ambitions. Education is considered to be some kind of a service, because it provides people with information about important issues. The mission of education is training of highly qualified professionals who would meet requirements of modern changing environment, brining up the youth capable of working and developing their creative possibilities in any country of the world.

Task 1. Choose the correct transcription.

) kindA. [kind]B. [kaind]C. [kiŋ]

2) dirtyA. [dirti]B. [dæti]C. [də:ti]

3) minuteA. ['mainit]B. ['minutə]C.[ 'minit]

) escapeA. [is'keip]B. [es'keip]C. [ekskǽp]

) lectureA. [lekturə]B. [lektʃə]C. [liktә]

Task 2. Choose the correct spelling.

) [kud]A. couldB. kouldC. cold

2) [pei]A. pieB. payC. pai

3) [kwit]A. qietB. quiteC. quit

4) ['mi:tə]A. meterB. metterC. matter

) [ʃip]A. shipB. sheepC. cheap

Task 3. Which word sounds different?

.a) isb) he’sc) it’s

.a) onb) goc) old

.a) phoneb) coatc) brown

.a) theyb) chairc) name

.a) writerb) livec) signof these ed-endings sound like [d]. Which one does not?) livedb) persuadedc) needed

Task 4. Translate the words into Russian and write the words they are formed from., unimportant, buyer, weakly, warmly, enjoyment, bookseller, improbable, historic, flyer.and translate the textaim of the government in Britain is to increase the number of students who enter into higher education. The driving force for this has been mainly economic. It is assumed that the more people who study at degree level, the more likely the country are to succeed economically. The higher education sector provides a variety of courses up to degree and postgraduate degree level, and careers out research. All universities in England and Wales are state universities (this includes Oxford and Cambridge).of English universitiescome the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge that date from the 12^th century and that until 1828 were virtually the only English universities. Oxford and Cambridge are composed of semi-independent colleges, each college having its own staff, know as ‘Fellows’. Most colleges have their own dining hall, library and chapel and contain enough accommodation for at least half of their students. The Fellows teach the students, either one-to-one or in very small groups (called ‘tutorials’ in Oxford and ‘supervision’ in Cambridge), the tutorial method brings the tutor into close and personal contact with the student.1970 all Oxford colleges were single-sex (mostly for men). Now, the majority admits both sexes. Among other older universities there should be mentioned four Scottish universities, such as St. Andrews (1411), Glasgow (1450), Aberdeen (1494), and Edinburgh (1583). The first of these, being the oldest one, resembles Oxbridge in many ways, while the other three follow the pattern of more modern universities in that the students live at home or find their own rooms in town. At all of them teaching is organized along the lines of the continental traditions - there is less specialization than at Oxford.second group of universities comprises various institutions of higher education, usually with technical study, that by 1900 had sprang up in new industrial towns and cities such as Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield and Leeds. They got to be known as civic or ‘redbrick’ universities. Their buildings were made of local material, often brick, in contrast to the stone of older universities, hence the name, ‘redbrick’. These universities catered mostly for local people. At first they prepared students for London University degree, but later they were given the right to award their own degrees, and so became universities themselves. In the mid-20^th century they started to accept students from all over the country.third group consists of new universities founded after the Second World War and later in the 1960s, which saw considerable expansion in new universities. These are purpose-built institutions located in the countryside but close to towns. Examples are East Anglia, Sussex and Warwick. From their beginning they attracted students from all over the country, and provided accommodation for most of their students in site (hence their name, ‘campus’ universities). They tend to emphasize relatively ‘new’ academic disciplines such as social science and make greater use than other universities of teaching in small groups, often known as ‘seminars’.this group there are also universities often called ‘never civil’ universities. These were originally technical colleges set up by local authorities in the first half of this century. Their upgrading to university status took place in two waves. The first wave occurred in the mid-1960s, when ten of them were promoted in this way. Another thirty became ‘polytechnics’, in the early 1970s, which meant that along with their former courses they were allowed to teach degree courses (the degrees being awarded by a national body). In the early 1990s most of the polytechnics became universities. So there are now 80 universities and a further 19 colleges and institutions of higher education in the UK.to British universitieseducation in England and Wales is highly selective. Entrance to British universities is via a strict selection process is based on an interview. Applications for first degree courses are usually made through the Universities and Colleges Admission Service (UCAS), in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. After the interview a potential student is offered a place on the basis of GCE A-level exam results. If the student does not get the grades specified in the offer, a place can not be taken up. Some universities, such as Oxford and Cambridge, have an entrance exam before the interview stage. This kind of selection procedure means that not everyone in Britain with A-level qualifications will be offered the chance of a university education. Critics argue that this creates an elitist system with the academic minority in society whilst supporters of the system argue that this enables Britain to get high-quality graduates who have specialized skills.university system in BritainBritish University year is divided into three terms, roughly eight to ten weeks each. The terms are crowded with activity and the vacations between the terms - a month at Christmas, a month at Easter, and three or four months in summer - are mainly periods of intellectual digestion and private study.courses are also ‘full-time’ which really means full-time: the students are not supposed to take a lob during term time. Unless their parents are rich, they receive a state grant of money, which covers most of their expenses including the cost of accommodation. Grants and loans are intended to create opportunities for equality in education. A grants system was set up to support students through university. Grants are paid by the LEA on the basis of parental income. In the late 80s (the Conservative) government decided to stop to increase these grants, which were previously linked to inflation. Instead, students were able to borrow money in the form of a low-interest loan, which then had to be paid back after their course had finished. Critics argue that students from less affluent families had to think twice before entering the course, and that this worsened the trend which saw a 33% drop in working-class student numbers in the 1980s.studying for the first degree are called undergraduates. At the end of the third year of study undergraduates sit for their examinations and take the bachelor’s degree. Those engaged in the study of arts such subjects as history, languages, economics or law take Bachelor of Arts (BA). Students studying pure or applied sciences such as medicine, dentistry, technology or agriculture get Bachelor of Science (BSc). When they have been awarded the degree, they are known as graduates. Most people get honors’ degrees, awarded in different classes. These are: Class I (known as ‘a first’), Class II, I (or ‘an upper second’), Class II, II (or ‘a lower second’), Class III (‘a third’). A student who is below one of these gets a pass degree (i.e. not an honors’ degree).who obtain their Bachelor degree can apply to take a further degree course, usually involving a mixture of exam courses and research. There are two different types of post-graduate courses - the Master’s Degree (MA or MSc), which takes one or two years, and the higher degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), which takes two or three years. Funding for post-graduate courses is very limited, and even students with first class degrees may be unable to get a grant. Consequently many post-graduates have heavy bank loans or are working to pay their way to a higher degree.university system also provides a national network of extra-mural or ‘Continuing Education’ Departments which offer academic courses for adults who wish to study - often for the sheer pleasure of study - after they have left schools of higher education.of other British higher institutionsdevelopment in education in which Britain can claim to lead the world is the Open University. It was founded in 1969 in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire and is so called because it is open to all - this university does not require any formal academic qualifications to study for a degree, and many people who do not have an opportunity to be ‘ordinary’ students enroll. The university is non-residential and courses are mainly taught by special written course books and by programs on state radio and television. There are, however, short summer courses of about a week that the students have to attend and special part-time study centers where they can meet their tutors when they have problems.are also a variety of other British higher institutions, which offer higher education. Some, like the Royal College of Arts, the Cornfield Institute of Technology and various Business Schools, have university status, while others, such as agricultural, drama and arts colleges like the Royal Academy of Dramatics Arts (RADA) and the Royal college of Music provide comparable courses. All these institutions usually have a strong vocational aspect in their programs, which fills a specialized role in higher education.and expressionsforce - движущая сила assume - предполагать, допускать

enrolment - регистрация

to merge - сливаться, соединяться

oversea - зарубежный

virtually - фактически

semi-independent - полунезависимый

network - сеть, сообщество

chapel - часовня

to cater - угождать

to resemble - походить, иметь сходство

to admit - допускать, признавать

to comprise - включать, содержать

pattern - система, образец civil - гражданский

to cater - поставлять

to claim - претендовать, требовать emphasize - осoбое значение

upgrade - подъём

elitist - отборнейший

to enroll - регистрировать, записывать

via - через

sheer - абсолютный extra-mural - заочный

honors’ degrees - почетные ступени

noticeable - заметный

to enable - давать возможность или право to modify - видоизменять

workforce - рабочая сила digestion - усвоение

grant - стипендия loan - ссуда

to fund - вкладывать, делать запас

affluent - приток

to worsen - ухудшаться

Task 5. Match the English and Russian equivalents.

higher education способностиexamучебный годучебные пособия

abilities творческая деятельность

academic yearнаука

creative activities приобретать знания по….

to acquire knowledge inнавыки, умения

study aidsвступительный экзамен

scienceвысшее образование

to assessоценивать, расценивать

Task 6. Give the English equivalents.

Ученый, предсказание, наблюдение, безработица, промышленный, модный, ценный, повторение, центральный, забывчивый, коллективный, соглашение, невозможный, исторический.

Task 7. Translate underlined words and phrases into English.

. The aim of the government is увеличить the number of students who поступают в высшие учебные заведения.

. The British University year делится into three terms, приблизительно eight to ten weeks each.

. Существует two different types of post-graduate courses - the Master’s Degree (MA or MSc), which занимает one or two years, and the higher degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), which занимает two or three years.

. There are short летние курсы of about a week that the students have to посещать and special part-time study centers where they can meet their tutors when возникают у них проблемы.

Task 8. Practiсe the following dialogues.

. At an International Conference.Clark, a British scientist, is talking to Oleg Smirnov, his Russian counterpart, at an international conference during a break.: Your recent experiments have been a great success, Mr Smirnov Congratulations! Smirnov: Thank you very much. You've read my last article, then, haven't you?: Of course I have. I'm very interested in your research, and I hardly ever miss your publications. By the way, when are you going to give a talk on your work?: Some time next week at the Research Centre, but I can't tell you definitely yet.: Could you ring me up and let me know?: Certainly.: Thank you ever so.

. A Television Interview.Nikitin is a young film director who has just taken part in a film festival abroad. His film has won a prize, and he's going to give an interview on television. The interviewer's a TV reporter.: I'd like to congratulate you on your recent success.. Nikitin: Thank you very much.: Have you got any definite plans for the future?: Oh, yes. I'm going to make a television serial about pop singers. It's going to be a screen version of a novel which is a great success with the reading public just now.: Are you going to work with the same team?: Yes, it's going to be the same team, actually. We're all interested in making another film together.: And when are you starting work on the film?: We have actually started. We spent a month interviewing different singers, but that's only a beginning, of course. We've got to do a lot in the next few months.: Well, that was all very interesting. You've made great progress these last few years, and I wish you every success with your new film. Good luck!: Thanks.

. At an Industrial Exhibition.Antonov is an engineer from a Moscow factory which is taking part in an industrial exhibition in Sokolniki Park. Mr Bennett, a businessman from Canada, is talking to Antonov, who's working at the exhibition as a guide.: Have you seen our new model, Boris?: Yes, and I must say it's a very up-to-date design. My congratulations!: Thanks I'm happy to hear that.: We're interested in buying some of these machines for our factories.: Are you? How many would you like to buy?: I can't give you a definite answer now, I think it may be quite a big order. Would you like to visit the factory and talk to the Director General?: I'd love to if you could arrange it soon, because I'm leaving Moscow next Saturday.: No problem, Mr Bennett.: Good. Thank you ever so much.

Task 9. Fill in the missing remarks.. A: May I speak to Mr Bell? B: ___: Could I leave a message for him? B:___

. A: Is this 347-5166? B: ___: This is Buchnev from the Russian University. B: ___

. А: ___: Sorry. The line is busy.

. A: Sorry. Mr. Foot is on the line. Will you hold on, please?:___

. A:___: I will call back later.

. A: Sorry. Mr. Bradley is not available. Would you like to leave a message?:___ 7. A: Sorry. There is no reply at his number.:___

. A: May I have extension 75, please?:___: Well, yes, if it doesn't take too long.

. A: You've got the wrong number.:___ A: That is all right.

. A:___: This is 520-4824. But there is no one by the name of Scott here.EXERCISESRevision:

·        Present Simple

·        Present Continuous

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple Tense .

. What time ___the banks___ (close) in Britain? 2. I have a car but I (not / use) it very often. 3. "Where ___your father ____(come from)?" "He (come from) Ireland." 4. "What___ you ___(do)?" "I ____ (be) a personnel manager". 5. He _____(not / approve) your behavior. 6. The swimming bath (open) at 9.00 and _____ (close) at 20.00 every day. 7. "I never ______(complain) of anything. Rita (not / complain) either." "Oh, but she (do)." 8. Who _____ (come) here most often? 9. Lots of people _____ (enter) this University every year. 10. He usually _____ (get up) early because he _____ (hate) being late to his office.2. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Continuous Tense.

1. Look! It (rain). 2. He is on holiday. He (not / work) today. 3. You (make) a lot of noise. 4. "What ___you (do) at the moment? Can you help me with my project?" "Oh, I am busy just now. I (fix) my mixer. But if you can wait…." 5. What ___ you (talk) about? 6. What ___you (wait for)? 7. Why ___you (sit) here? 8. "What ___Tom (do)? Why ___he (not / practice)?" "He (have) some rest".

Exercise 3. Make the following sentences negative and put the questions to the underlined words.

. The higher education sector provides a variety of courses up to degree and postgraduate degree level, and careers out research. 2. I am having a rest after the interview. 3. They receive a state grant of money, which covers most of their expenses including the cost of accommodation. 4. These universities require any formal academic qualifications to study for a degree. 5. Students are working at their reports now. 6. Many post-graduates have heavy bank loans or are working to pay their way to a higher degree.

Exercise 4. Use Present Simple or Present Progressive Tense.

. It often rains/ is raining in this part of the world.

. Take your umbrella. It rain / is raining..

. I don't know Spanish, but I am learning / learn it now.

4. John is still working /still works in the garden.

. Usually I am having / have coffee in the morning, but now I drink / amtea.

. ‘ What is she doing / does she do?’ -‘ She is a secretary at our college.’

. We sometimes are going / go to the cinema.

. ‘Are you doing / Do you do anything tomorrow afternoon?’ - ‘I am playing / play tennis with my friend.’

. ‘Can you phone a bit later, please? Jane is having /has a bath.5. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense.

. I often (leave) town over the weekend. 2. Miss Peters (use) the telephone now. 3. The children always (go) to bed early. 4. Mr. Johnson (prepare) dinner now. 5. Look! That boy (run) into the house. 6. Miss Melnick (understand) those words. 7. The students (finish) their papers now. 8. I (need) some money for my textbooks. 9. The guests (watch) that television program now. 10. We (review) the use of the tenses in English this week. 11. Yes, Marjorie (want) some cake and coffee. 12. I (go) to bed around eleven o'clock during the week. 13. We never (go) to the library in the evening. 14. Mr. Harris (teach) English from 2:00 to 5:00 p. m. 15. Mr. and Mrs. Stewart (fly) to California every winter. 16. Daniel Soto (work) thirty-eight hours a week. 17. I (hear) the sound of a motor outside! 18. Our English class always (start) at 8:30 p. m. 19. I (read) an interesting book about the Civil War. 20. Mr. Smith's secretary (sit) at another desk today. 21. The weather (get) very hot here in July and August. 22. My friend (study) his English lesson one hour every night. 23. Mr. Rockwell (pay) his bills at the end of every month.

Exercise 6. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense.

. I ___ (think) you ___(behave) rather foolishly. 2. He ___ (understand) the rule, but he still ___ (make) mistakes too often. 3. ‘___ you ___ (believe) his story?’ ‘Oh, no. I never ___ (believe) him. He always ___ (tell) lies.’ 4. Who ___ this house (belong) to? 5. ‘What ___ you ___ (look) at?’ ‘I ___ (look) at the girl over there.’ 6. ___ you ___ (believe) in Santa Claus? 7. Your letters (be) very welcome, but he (want) to know everything at first hand. 8. ‘Listen! ___you (hear) that noise?’ ‘They are our neighbours. They ___ (shout) again.’ 9. ___ your English ___(get) better? 10. You always ___ (have) some problems with your computer. Can I be of any help? 11. ‘Where is Mom?’ ‘She ___ (cook) dinner in the kitchen.’ ‘I ___ (think) I will go and give her a hand.’ ‘Don't! She ___ (be) sulky today. She ___m(not / want) to see anyone.’ 7. Translate into English.

1. "Как Вы обычно добираетесь до университета?" - Я еду на троллейбусе, а затем в метро. - "А ваша сестра?" - Она не пользуется метро. Она ездит на работу на автобусе. 2. Тед покупает очень много книг и словарей. 3. Почему вы не хотите воспользоваться такой прекрасной возможностью? 4. "Кто сейчас сдает экзамены?" - Моя подруга. 5. Мы сидим у окна, ярко светит солнце, мимо нашего дома спешат люди. 6. Я не знаю, почему он всегда опаздывает. Наверное, он живет далеко от университета. 7. У тебя дрожат руки! 8. "Почему Боб так редко бывает на занятиях?" - Он часто болеет. 9. Кто знает перевод этого слова? 10. "Когда Вы приходите домой?" - Обычно в 7 часов, иногда - позже. - "Вы очень устаете?" - Иногда я чувствую себя очень усталой, но это быстро проходит. 11. У них сейчас занятие по английскому языку. 12. Мне никогда ничего не рассказывают. 13. Кто пытается Вас обмануть? (Б. Шоу) 14. "Элиза: О чем же тогда речь?" - Хиггинс: Я пытаюсь выразить, насколько я презираю коммерческий подход к жизни. (my contempt for commercialism) (Б. Шоу) 15. "Как часто Вы смотрите фильмы на английском языке?" - Примерно два раза в неделю. Мой брат предпочитает смотреть фильмы на русском, он еще не настолько хорошо знает английский. А я понимаю практически все, что говорят в фильмах. 16. Что означает это выражение? 17. Почему Вы никогда не приходите на занятия вовремя? 18. О, я замечательно провожу время! (Дж. Даррелл) 19. Земля крутится вокруг солнца. 20. Хиггинс: О чем же мы спорим? (Б. Шоу)8. Ask questions about the words underlined.

1. All universities in England and Wales are state universities.

. There are also a variety of other British higher institutions which offer higher education.

. The third group consists of new universities founded after the Second World War.

. Some universities, such as Oxford and Cambridge, have an entrance exam before the interview stage.

. Higher education in England and Wales is highly selective.

6. At the end of the third year of study undergraduates sit for their examinations and take the bachelor’s degree.

7. The Fellows teach the students either one-to-one or in very small groups.

Exercise 9. Translate into English.

час. 22 мин. 18 час. 15 мин.15 час. 38 мин.

17 час. 00 мин.4 час. 44 мин.1 час. 45 мин.

час. 15 мин.4 час. 08 мин.23 час. 30 мин.

час. 45 мин.16 час. 53 мин.4 час. 20 мин.

час. 00 мин.9 час. 35 мин.8 час. 55 мин.

час. 30 мин.7 час. 17 мин.19 час. 15 мин.

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions.

. What time do you usually get up? (7 час. 10 мин. утра)

. What time do you have breakfast? (7 час. 30 мин. утра)

. What time do you usually go to the University? (8 час. 15 мин. утра)

. What time do you go into the classroom if classes begin at a quarter past eight? (at nine o'clock, at half past eight, at a quarter to nine, at ten minutes past eight, at twenty minutes to nine)

. What time do you usually get home? (6 час. 45 мин. вечера)

. When do you begin doing your homework? (9 час. 15 мин. вечера)

. What time do you go to bed? (11час. 50 мин. вечера)

Things to do

Task 1. Answer the following questions. You can find the answers in the text.

1. What accommodations do the most colleges have for their students?

. What are the students studying for the first degree called?

. What types of English universities can be broadly classified into?

Task 2. Translate and comment on the following.

- We all know that the British are very cultural people and many possess an outstanding mind.

Task 3. Give your arguments for and against the following saying.

- Nowadays the number of students who enter into higher education is increasing.

Task 4. Work in small groups. Role-play the situation: YOU WANT TO ENTER INTO HIGHER EDUCATION.with your friends the following points.

·             institutes of higher education

·        the town where you will study

·        your aims and ambitions

Remember to:

· discuss all the options

·        take an active part in the conversation and be polite

·        come up with ideas

·        give reasons

·        ask for your friend’s opinion and agree or disagree with him\her

·        come to an agreement

UNIT 4. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA

is power.and learn.know everything is to know nothing.

Assignments

Task 1. Choose the correct transcription.

1) laneA. [læn]B. [lein ]C. [lain]

2) gift A. [guft]B. [dзift]C. [gift]

3) seed A. [si:d]B. [sid]C. [sed]

4) eveA. [evi]B. [i:v]C. [ev]

5) tightA. [tait]B. [taight]C. [tig]

Task 2. Choose the correct spelling.

1) [drai]A. draB. deryC. dry

2) [hold] A. holedB. holdC. hould

3) [pu:l] A. poolB. pulC. pule

4) [feis] A. faceB. theisC. feis

5) [si:]A. sieB. seaC. su

Task 3. Which word sounds different?

.a) morningb) divorcedc) home

.a) mysteryb) writec) kill

.a) wroteb) firstc) word

.a) gentlemanb) goosec) geography

5.a) classesb) cinemac) ice

Two of these ed-endings sound like [d]. Which one does not?) informedb) persuadedc) loved

Task 4. Translate the words into Russian and write words they are formed from., educational, snowy, indifferent, endlessly, noisy, movement, truthful, owner, explanation.

Read and translate the textschool is the beginning of an independent life for millions of school graduates. Many roads are open before them. But it is not an easy thing to choose a profession out of more than the 2000 existing in the world.of the more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for "higher education". Simply by being admitted into one of the most respected universities in the United States, a high school graduate achieves a degree of success. A college at a leading university might receive applications from two percent of these high school graduates, and then accept only one out of every ten who apply.applicants at such colleges are usually chosen on the basis of:

a)               high school records;

b)      recommendations from high school teachers;)       the impression they make during interviews at the university;)   their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SAT).of institution in the USAsystem of higher education in the United States is complex. It comprises four categories of institution:

1.              The university, which may contain:

-       several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor’s four-year degree;

-       one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor’s degree to obtain a master’s or a doctoral degree.

2.              The four-year undergraduate institution - the college - most of which are not part of a university.

3.       The technical training institution, at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration, and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling through business accounting to computer programming.

.        The two-year, or community college, from which students may enter many professions or may go to four-year colleges or universities.of these institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding. There is no clear or inevitable distinction in terms of quality of education offered between the institutions, which are publicly or privately funded. However, this is not to say that all institutions enjoy equal prestige, or that there are no material differences among them.in learninguniversities and colleges, both public and private, have gained reputations for offering particularly challenging courses, and for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory. A few other institutions, conversely, provide only adequate education, and students attend classes, pass examinations and graduate as merely competent, but not outstanding, scholars and professionals. The factors determining whether an institution is one of the best, or one of lower prestige, are: quality of teaching faculty, quality of research facilities, amount of funding available for libraries, special programs, etc., and the competence and number of applicants for admission.of these factors reinforce one another. In the United States it is generally recognized that there are more and less desirable institutions in which to study and from which to graduate. The more desirable institutions are generally - but not always - more costly to attend, and having graduated from one of them may bring distinct advantages as an individual seeks employment opportunities and social mobility within the society. Competition to get into such a college prompts a million secondary school students to take the SATs every year.recently emphasis on admissions examinations has been widely criticized in the United States because the examinations tend to measure competence in mathematics and English. In defense of using the examinations as criteria for admissions, administrators at many universities say that SATs provide a fair way for deciding whom to admit when they have 10 or 12 applicants for every first-year student seat.America’s colleges and universities rest on their accomplishments? About 12 million students currently attend schools of higher education in America. They are students in a society that believe in the bond between education and democracy., many Americans are not satisfied with the condition of higher education in their country. Perhaps the most widespread complaint has to do with the college curriculum as a whole and with the wide range of electives in particular. In the middle of 1980s, the Association of American Colleges (AAC) issued a report that called for teaching a body of common knowledge to all college students. The National Institute of Education (NIE) issued a somewhat similar report, "Involvement in Learning". In its report, the NIE concluded that the college curriculum has become "excessively vocational and work-related". The report also warned that college education may no longer be developing in students "the shared values and knowledge" that traditionally bind Americans together. A serious charge: Is it true?the moment, to some degree, it probably is. Certainly, some students complete their degree work without a course in Western Civilization - not to mention other world cultures. Others leave college without having studied science or government. As one response, many colleges have begun reemphasizing a core curriculum that all students must master.in American higher educationproblems are signs that American higher education is changing, as it has throughout its history. And, as in the past, this change may be leading in unexpected directions. The Puritans set up colleges to train ministers. But their students made their mark as the leaders of the world’s first constitutional democracy. The land grant colleges were founded to teach agriculture and engineering to the builders of the American West. Today, many of these colleges are leading schools in the world of scientific research. Americans have always had a stake in "making the system work". They have especially critical reasons for doing so in the field of education. People in the United States today are faced with momentous questions: "What is America’s proper role as the world’s oldest constitutional democracy; its largest, economy; its first nuclear power?"cherish their right to express opinions on all such issues. But the people of the United States are also painfully aware of how complex such issues are. To take part in dealing with new problems, most Americans feel they need all the information they can get. Colleges and universities are the most important centers of such learning. And whatever improvements may be demanded, their future is almost guaranteed by the American thirst to advance and be well informed. In fact, the next charge in American education may be a trend for people to continue their education in college - for a lifetime.and expressionsaccept - принимать power - ядерная держава- учебный план - количество- демократия - занятость- различие  - ученый

duration - продолжительность

application - заявление

employment - занятость

scientific research - научное исследование

equal prestige - равный престиж

advantage - преимущество

master's degree - степень мастера

private - частный

opportunity - возможность

to contain - содержать, включать

similar - подобный

community - сообщество

social mobility - социальная мобильность

bachelor's degree - степень бакалавраof American Colleges (AAC) - Ассоциация Американских КолледжейInstitute of Education (NIE) - Национальный Институт Образования

Task 5. Match the English and Russian equivalents.approach  расписание

campus life склад ума воспитание

library учебный план

curriculumиндивидуальный подход

diligentштат, состав

time tableстуденческая жизнь

upbringingбиблиотека

habit of mindстарательный, успешный

Task 6. Give the English equivalents.

Соленый, успешно, важно, съедобный, меняющийся, бездетный, узнаваемый, дождливый, сердито, некомфортный, рассказчик, слабость.

Task 7. Translate underlined words and phrases into English.

. Many universities and colleges, как бесплатных, так и частных, have gained reputations for offering particularly challenging courses, and for обеспечение their students with a высоким качеством образования.

. They are students in a обществе that believe в связь между education and democracy.

. Many colleges have begun reemphasizing a основной учебный план that all students must справляться.

. Окончание школы is the beginning of an независимой жизни for millions of school graduates.

Task 8. Practice the following dialogue.

. Mr. Zotov the professor of the Russian University is speaking to his colleague from London.. Hopkins: Hopkins speaking. Good afternoon. Mr. Zotov: Good afternoon. Zotov is here. I'm so glad I got through at last. I tried to get you on the phone yesterday but you were out.. Hopkins: Yes, I was away from London and returned this morning. Mr. Zotov: I know you are a ballet admirer. I'd like to invite you to Covent Garden. I guess you know the Bolshoi ballet is now in London and tomorrow they are performing "Spartacus". Mr. Hopkins: Thank you very much. It's very kind of you. I'll gladly accept your invitation to see the fabulous Bolshoi ballet which commands the love and admiration of audiences all over the world. Mr. Zotov: Good. Incidentally the performance starts at 7.30 and runs three hours. Would you like me to call for you?. Hopkins: No, thank you. Don't bother. I'll get there on my own. Mr. Zotov: Then I will be waiting for you at 7.15 outside the theatre. Good - bye.. Hopkins: Thanks a lot. Good-bye.

Task 9. Make up the dialogues according to the following situations.

. А Russian specialist is going to work in an international organization.. Smith, a representative of the organization, interviews him. Mr. Smith has looked through the candidate's papers carefully, but he's still got some questions to ask him. "So you've been a factory manager these last few years," he says. "How many people work under you?" His next questions are, "How do you like your work? " and "What can you say about it?" He also asks the candidate a few questions about his family, his hobbies and his interests. The specialist gives full and interesting answers to all the questions. They thank each other.

. A representative of a Russian firm talks to a British businessman at an industrial exhibition.Russian specialist has just seen some new machines. Mr. Robinson's firm is exhibiting. He thinks the designers have done a good job and congratulates Mr. Robinson on the firm's success. Mr. Robinson can arrange for the Russian specialist to visit the factory which makes the machines and talk to the designers. The Russian specialist asks Mr. Harrison to arrange the visit for some time next week and let him know the exact date by phone.

. An actor who's won a prize at an international film festival gives a press interview.reporter says the actor's done very well and congratulates him on his success. "How many films have you played in?" another reporter asks. The actor' answers he's already played in several films, but this is his first big role." You have had to work very hard, haven't you?" is the next question. The actor says he had to work very hard, but it's all been very interesting. One of the newspaper men asks him about his plans for the future. The actor plans to play a test pilot in a television serial. He's very interested in this work. The reporters thank him and wish him good luck.

Task 10. In what situations would you say the following?

. Yes, I'd be delighted to accept your invitation. 2. You'll have a chance to meet the rest of my colleagues. 3. Thanks awfully, but I'm afraid I've got a lunch appointment for this time. 4. Yes, that'd be splendid. I'd love to. 5. I'm terribly sorry. I'm booked up for Friday. 6. Good, see you on Sunday, then. 7. I've been waiting to meet you for a long time. 8. When exactly do you suggest I come? 9. It's nice meeting you. 10. I'm so pleased to have met you. 11. I'll get there on my own. 12. I'll call back later. 13. Could I leave a message? 14. I understand we should have invited you a few days ago. 15. Will you speak up, please. 16. Your invitation came at very short notice. 17. Sorry. I'm engaged. 18. That suits me perfectly. 19. It is a credit card call.

Task 11. Extend an invitation by phone.

. to a reception. 2. to the theatre. 3. to an International Book Exhibition. 4. to a luncheon. 5. to your place. 6. to a cocktail party. 7. to your University.EXERCISESRevision:

·        Present Perfect

·        Present Perfect Continuous

·        Prepositions at/on/in (time)

Exercise 1. Put verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Tense.

1. Where is your father? - I do not know. He just (go out). 2. She never (lose) her temper. 3. The news (spread) like fire. 4. She (be) here several times, but she never (buy) anything. 5. I (know) you for many years, but I never (hear) you speak like that before. What (happen)? 6. I (send) him a letter, but he (not / answer) me yet. 7. Where ___you (be)? - I (be) shopping. 8. ___Jack (move) into his new house yet? - I do not know. I (not / see) him lately. 9. ___you (finish) those letters yet? - I (do) the first letter already, and now I am doing the second, but I (not / start) the one to Mr. Brown yet.

Exercise 2.Put verbs in brackets into Present Perfect Continuous Tense

1. I (not / sleep) for twelve hours. 2. She (have) a toothache since morning. 3. They (play) football for 2 hours. 4. She (dance) since yesterday evening. 5. Where ___you (work) all this time? 6. She (tell) a lot of lies about me, I am sure. 7. She (not / work) in the library for the last five weeks.

Exercise 3. Make the following sentences negative and put questions to the underlined words.

1. Million students have graduated from high school this year. 2. The Association of American Colleges has issued a report. 3. They have set up colleges to train ministers. 4. Americans have always had a stake in "making the system work". 5. But they have been criticizing emphasis on admissions examinations in the United States for the last years.

Exercise 4. Use Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

. He knows Africa well because he has been travelling/ has travelled a lot there.

. You have been writing/ have written this composition for two hours and can not complete it.

. John is still repairing his car. He must be tired. He has repaired/ has been repairing it all day.

. Alice promised to come, but she‘s absent. Something has been happening/ has happened to her.

. The children are drawing. They have been drawing/ have drawnthey came home.

. Have they been telling/ Have they told anything about their summer plans?

. My aunt has always been having/ has always had the big house in the country.5. Put verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous Tense .

. She ___ (walk) in the park since morning. It‘s time to have dinner, but she ___ (not / come) yet. 2. He ___ (drive) to London for six hours. How many miles ___he ___ (cover) by now? 3. ‘How long ___ you ___ (learn) French?’ ‘I ___ (learn) since I was ten, but can‘t avoid mistakes.’ ‘My parents know French. They ___ (talk) French to me since I don‘t remember what time.’. 4. ‘Don‘t tell me any more lies. I ___ (listen to) you too long?’ 5. I hear Gerry‘s footsteps. He ___ (come) back. I‘m going away. I don‘t want him to see I ___ (cry). 6. ‘Since when ___ you ___ (sit) here? How long ___you (wait)?’ ‘I don‘t know how long I ___ (wait). I ___ (sit) and ___ (look) at the people passing by since I came here.’ 7. ‘Jack and Tony ___ (play) chess since they are here. Tony ___ (win) six times already, but Jack ___ (win) only twice yet.’ ‘They ___ (not / quarrel)?’ ‘Oh, no. They (not / quarrel).’ 8. He ___ (solve) this puzzle at last. He ___ (solve) it since breakfast! 9. You ___ (drink) too much since the party began! 10. ‘Barry ___ (do) this room since morning and he ___ (not / finish) yet.’ ‘ ___ you ___ (help) him?’ ‘No, I ___ (cook) since he started to do this room. But I ___ (finish) already.’6. Put the verbs into Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

. ‘Where is John?’’He _ (play) football in the yard.’ 2. I _ (not / like) the picture you __ (look) at now. 3. What ___ you (talk) about since I left? 4. ___ you ever (be) to Paris? 5. ‘Where _you (be)?’ ‘I _ (be) shopping.’ 6. He _ (stay) here for three months, and I think my father _ (entertain) him too long. 7. She usually __ (do) her homework at home, but now she _ (do) it at the library. 8. She __ just __ (come), she will speak to you in a minute. 9. Where _ you (sit) all this time? 10. ‘What are you looking for? __ you __ (lose) your glasses? Let me help you.’ ‘Oh, thanks. I _ (find) them already.’ 11. I __ (not / play) football. 12. What ___ you (wait for)? Why _you (sit) here? 13. We __ (know) her since she arrived to our city. 14. Phil __ (enjoy) sports, but he (not / enjoy) music at all.

Exercise 7. Translate into English.

1. Он пишет статью уже три часа. Он выпил уже три чашки кофе. Он уже давно не работал так усердно. 2. Они спорят с тех пор, как учитель вышел из класса. 3. "С какого времени ты пытаешься до него дозвониться?" - "С десяти часов". 4. Кто переставлял мои книги? 5. Он ждет этого письма целый месяц. 6. Надеюсь, ваши друзья хорошо за вами ухаживали. 7. Она сидит здесь уже несколько часов. С самого утра сидит на скамейке и ждет кого-то. 8. Эта семья живет здесь с весны. Они уже перессорились со всеми соседями. 9. Чем ты занимался, пока меня не было? 10. "Я только что говорила доктору Хэлидею и его племяннице, какая ты умница". (Дж. Б. Пристли) 11. "Я новичок в городе. Живу здесь только около трех месяцев… И я не пробыл тут еще и недели, как обратил на Вас внимание, мисс Конвей…. И с тех пор я наблюдал за Вами". (Дж. Б. Пристли) 12. "По правде сказать, вы единственный человек, о котором мы еще не говорили". (Дж. Б. Пристли) 13. "Дориан! Какая удача! Я ждал тебя в твоей библиотеке с девяти часов…. сегодня в полночь я уезжаю в Париж". (О. Уайльд) 14. "Ты слишком много пил, Роберт?" - "Да, я слишком много пил". (Дж. Б. Пристли)8. Ask questions about the words underlined.

1. One million students graduated from high school this year have gone on for "higher education".

. Colleges and universities are the most important centers of learning.

. Others have left college without having studied science or government.

. Today many of these colleges are leading schools in the world of scientific research.

. American higher education has been changing.

6. About 12 million students currently attended schools of higher education in America.

Exercise 9. Answer the questions. Use the following words and expression: 10(20) minutes, half an hour, an hour and a half, a quarter of an hour, 4(5) hours.

1. How long did it take you to do your homework yesterday?

. How long does it take you to get home if you go by bus (trolley-bus, underground)?

. How long does it take you to get to the Hermitage Museum from the centre of St. Petersburg if you go there by underground?

. How long do you think it takes me to do all the exercises?

. How long do you think it takes us to read this play by Oscar Wilde? 10. Translate into English.

. Давайте пойдем в столовую без десяти час. Там в это время не бывает народу. 2. Уроки заканчиваются в три, и уже без четверти четыре я уже дома. 3. Фильм заканчивается в половине седьмого, у нас есть время погулять. 4. Приходите сюда, пожалуйста, в двенадцать тридцать. Мы ждем вас. 5. Я пробыл в институте до половины девятого. Сейчас иду домой. 6. Сколько времени вы находитесь здесь? - Я здесь с двух часов. 7. Я планирую потратить три или четыре часа в день на повторение грамматики английского языка перед экзаменами.

Exercise 11. Complete these sentences with at, in or on and the most likely of these words and phrases.week before Christmas midnight lunch the 4th Julyan hour a moment

. I was talking so much _____that my food went cold.

. It shouldn’t take long to repair your watch. Come back ____ and I’ll have it ready for you.

. I was very busy at work and I ended up buying all my presents _____.

. It’s a holiday in the USA ____.

. She put her head on the pillow, closed her eyes and _____was fast asleep.

. The children were still running around the streets ____ , when they should have been in the bed.12. Complete these sentences with in, at or on.

1.The price on electricity is going up ___October.

. I’ve been invited to a wedding ___14 February.

. Hurry up! We’ve got to go ___five minutes

. I don’t like travelling ___night.

. I’m busy no, but I I’ll be with you ___a moment.

. Jenny’s brother is an engineer but he is out of work ___the moment.

. I hope the weather will be nice ___weekend.

. We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived ___ 5 o’clock ___the morning.

. ___Saturday night I went to bed ___11 o’clock.

. The course begin ___7 January and ends sometime ___April.

. My car is being repaired at the garage. It will be ready ___two hours.

. The telephone and the doorbell rang ___same time.

Things to do

Task 1. Answer the following questions. You can find the answers in the text.

1. What are the factors determining an institution as one of the best or one of lower prestige?

. Why are not many Americans satisfied with the condition of higher education in their country?

3. What categories of institution does the system of higher education in the United States comprise?

Task 2. Translate and comment on the following.

-       Finishing school is the beginning of an independent life for millions of school graduates. Many roads are open before them. But it is not an easy thing to choose a profession out of more than the 2000 existing in the world.

Task 3. Give your arguments for and against the following saying.

-       Nowadays a quality of education in any institute of higher education in the USA depends on the source of its funding.

Task 4. Speaking and Discussing.

. Ask your partner about an event that has changed his/her life.

. Write a short account of one of your life experience.

. Prepare a talk on an incident (exciting experience, funny/sad story, etc.) that has occurred in your life. Say why you have chosen this particular story.

. Project Work:

·        In your local, national or international press find interesting stories that have happened to famous people of Russia, the UK, the USA - scientists, writers, politicians, teachers, etc. Make a list of names and happenings. Discuss the information with your group mates.

·        Collect information on problems facing these people in your country and in some other countries. Hold a conference on the problem. Compare the situations in these countries. Think of the way to solve the people’s problems.

UNIT 5. POLITICAL SYSTEM in the UK

"The measure of a civilized society is how we educate our young and care for our old."

Read and translate the textdemocracy in Britain has a special character which stems from the fact that the British Constitution is not to be found in a single document. This does not mean, however, that Britain does not have a formal and controlled system of government. British Democracy has evolved over time. The rules which collectively form the "British constitution" are a description of current practice.like the Act of Union between England and Scotland in 1707 and the treaty with the Irish Free State in December 1921 have helped to shape the Constitution as it is today. Similarly, statute laws have established constitutional principles which have been interpreted and developed by the courts. The main institutions of government have developed gradually since the 12th century.Britain is a monarchy, but the powers of the King or Queen are limited. The monarchy is hereditary to the sons of the Sovereign in order of seniority, or if there is no sons, to the daughters. According to law, the Queen is the head of the state, the commander-in-chief of all Armed Forces of the Crown; she opens the new session of Parliament. But in each case the Queen acts not on her own, but on the advice of the government which she cannot constitutionally ignore.British Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the country. Parliament consists of two Houses-the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The members of the House of Commons (called Members of Parliament or MPs for short) are chosen by the electors. There must be a general election every five years, but the Government can order a general election at any time within that period. Each session of the House of Commons lasts for about 160-175 days. Parliament has 5 intervals during its work. Members of Parliament are paid for their Parliamentary work and have to attend the sittings.party that has won the general election makes up the majority in the House of Commons and forms the Government. Since the Second World War the great majority of MPs have belonged to either the Conservative or the Labor party. The leader of the party that wins most seats at a general election is by convention invited by the Monarch to form a government. He or she becomes Prime Minister and chooses the ministers who will together form the government. Government ministers - the executive- are all members of the House of Commons or House of Lords.modern British Prime Minister has very considerable powers, greater than those of many leaders of democratic states. The party with the next largest number of members in the House, or sometimes a combination of other parties, forms the official opposition, and the Leader of the Opposition is a recognized post in the House of Commons. Important members of the House of Commons are the Speaker and so called party whips. Speaker is the chairmen of the House of Commons. He is elected at the beginning of each new Parliament. Party whips are party organizers, who receive special salaries for their duties. They arrange each day's program in Parliament and tell members when they must attend debates.

"Democracy", said Winston Churchill," is the worst form of the government except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time." Democratic states take many forms, but all have a system of representative government whereby the citizens can elect and also dismiss their political leaders. For over 150 years Britain's system of parliamentary democracy has been based on organized political parties competing to form governments.may also be recognized by their adherence to 'democratic values'. These are values which enable democracy to function properly. Obviously no human institution can ever be perfect and most democracies fail, in some respect, to meet the high standards required. Still, broadly speaking, in democratic states, the rights and liberties of the individual are safeguarded. The rule of law is respected. The courts of law are free from government interference. The media (newspapers, radio and television) are free to present uncensored news and views on political issue. Without these freedoms it is difficult for democracy to survive.and expressions- договор

to evolve - развиваться, эволюционировать

sovereign - монарх

sovereignty - верховная власть

statute law - статутное право; право, выраженное в законодательных актах- наследственный, передаваемый по наследству

representative government - представительное правительство

Task 1. Match the words with their Russian equivalents.избиратьувольнятьof the stateмогущество, власть договор, соглашение

conventionглава государства

electбольшинство

dismissпостепенно

uncensored гарантировать

safeguard не проходивший цензуру

Task 2. Translate the words into Russian and write words they are formed from.

Development, government, cornerstone, lawmakers, leadership, non-binding, three-tier system, living, representative, changeable, executive, fundamental, authorization.

POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE USA

Read and translate the textUS ConstitutionUS Constitution was proclaimed in 1787, it is the supreme law of the country, which protects the rights of all the people living in the USA. The constitution is based on three main principles:

-       the first one guarantees basic rights such as right of freedom of speech and religion, right to have a trial and right to own a property;

-       the second one tells about a government by the people - people can vote for their representatives and ask for new laws and changes;

-       the third one tells about the three branches of the US government and their different powers: legislative, executive, judicial.Constitution includes the Preamble, 7 articles, 26 amendments, which help to make some changes or add some new things. The first 10 amendments are called Bill of Rights which must protect specific individual rights and freedom from government interference.Constitution sets up a federal system of government by dividing powers between the national, state and local governments. Two characteristics of this three-tier system of American government are fundamental. First, citizens elect officials to serve in the national, state and local governments. The authority of each level rests with the people., each level of government raises money through taxation from the citizens living in the area it serves. Unless each level of government can raise its own fiscal resources, it cannot act independently. The idea of separating powers among the various elements of government was designed to restrict governmental power and prevent its abuse. Wherever possible, the Founding Fathers (Отцы-основатели) built a system of "checks and balances" into the Constitution so that no one part of the government could supplant the other.the national level, the federal government is further divided into three autonomous branches.Legislative BranchConstitution sets up a bi-cameral body known as the U.S. Congress to raise and to spend national revenue and to draft laws. The two chambers are the Senate and the House of Representatives. The main function of the legislative branch is to make laws about trade, taxes, citizenship. It is commonly said that Congress influences American policy by exercising the "power of the purse strings" [распоряжаться деньгами]. It can maintain army, declare war, establish US Post Office, print and borrow money.Congress cannot take away the right to a trial, give title to nobility, put a tax on export, and use tax money without authorization. It cannot make laws about marriage, driver's licenses, and police. A new Congress begins every two years with the elections of new senators and representatives. It meets in Capitol, Washington D.C. The House of Representatives has large room, the Senate has smaller one. There are 435 members in the House of Representative and 100 senators. Each state elects two members of the 100-member Senate.broad powers of the whole Congress are spelled out in Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution, which not only outlines what Congress can do, but also specifically forbids Congress from certain acts. The 10th Amendment of the Constitution further limits the domain of the nation's lawmakers by stating that all powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or the people.Executive Branch

The president has come to symbolize the nation's executive branch of government because the Constitution states very clearly that it is the president's duty to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." The President of the USA is elected every 4 years to a 4 year term, with no more than 2 full terms allowed. The President is elected directly by the votes. He must be a native born citizen at least 35 and live in the US for not less than 14 years. The US President is the head of the State and the government and Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces. He makes foreign policy, advises the Congress, approves or vetoes laws, appoints judges, advisors and ambassadors, he can pardon a person for a federal crime.implement the policies and laws of the nation, the president presides over a vast organization of departments and agencies which were never enumerated in the Constitution, but developed over the course of American history. Although the United States is often cited as an example of a democratic system where the president has a very powerful rule, the formal powers of the office are few and structure of the American government prevents the president from acting directly, without the advice and consent of the other branches of government.legislative and executive branches of the government (Congress and President) are the most powerful of the three branches. The President and Congress have almost complete political independence from each other because they are both chosen in separate elections. For example, the election of Congress does not determine who will be elected President, and the Presidential election does not determine who will be elected to Congress. It is quite possible in the American system to have the leader of one political party win the Presidency while the other major political party wins most of the seats in Congress. It is necessary for the President to sign bills passed by Congress in order for them to become law. A legislative bill passed by Congress dies if the President vetoes it (refuses to sign it). On the other hand, a treaty with a foreign government signed by a President dies if Congress refuses to ratify it.from other countries are often confused by the American system but the Americans are proud of it.

The Judicial Branchfederal court system plays a critical role in protecting the rights and liberties guaranteed to the American people. Federal courts can strike down any legislation, at any level of government, if the courts determine that the legislation violates the nation's fundamental, democratic principles outlined in the Constitution. The judicial branch consists of a system of courts spread throughout the country, with jurisdiction in both civil actions and to criminal cases arising under federal law.various types of federal courts are:

·              U.S. Supreme Court

·              U.S. Courts of Appeal

·              U.S. District Courts

·              Special Courts

Most of cases start in District Courts. There are 94 of them. Usually it is 1 judge and 1 jury. The main duties of them are to hear cases about federal laws and constitutional rights. These are the lowest courts. The courts of Appeals are higher than District Courts. These are groups of 3 judges without jury and the main duty is to review District Court's decisions. The highest court is the Supreme Court that has 9 judges, no jury and all its decisions are final. The judges are appointed for life by the president and have to be approved by the Senate.Political PartiesUSA has a two party system. There are two major political parties in the USA. They are Republicans and Democrats. The symbol of the Republican Party is elephant and that of the Democratic Party is Donkey. There are no clear differences between the Republican and Democratic parties. In general, the Republicans tend to be more conservative to have more support among the upper classes, while the Democrats tend to be more liberal and have more support among the working class and the poor. There are other parties beside these two, but these parties do not play a role in a national politics.first, there are two or more candidates for the Republican Party and two or more candidates for the Democratic Party. Each party has a convention to choose one candidate. After the party conventions, the candidates continue to campaign. Then on Election Day US adult citizens vote for a president in a national election. When citizens vote for a President, they are really voting for the state electors (выборщик, член коллегии выборщиков). Every State has electors. The number of electors = the number of senators + the number of representatives in a state. These are the main steps:

-       Citizens of a state vote.

-       Their votes are counted.

-       One candidate has 51% or more of the votes.

-       This candidate wins all the electoral votes of the state.

-       The electoral votes of all the states are counted.

-       The candidate with the most electoral votes becomes a president.and expressions- поправка законопроектуbe divided into - быть разделеннымcitizens - частные гражданеbranch - законодательная властьbranch - исполнительная власть branch - юридическая власть

responsibility - ответственность

to abuse power - злоупотреблять властью

to win the Presidency - завоевать президентство

to pass a bill - принять законопроект

to become a law - стать законом veto - налагать вето

to ratify - ратифицировать

"Bill of Rights" - билль о правах bill - законодательный проект (билль)

government interference - вмешательство правительства

to be proud of - гордиться чем-либо

to preside at - председательствовать

to supplant-вытеснить; занять (чьё-л.) место

legislation- законодательство, законыюрисдикция, сфера полномочий

to approve of- одобрять ,утверждать

Task 3. Answer the questions.

. What main principles is the constitution based on?

. What are the main features of the federal system of government?

. There is a belief that if any one part of the government has all, or even most powers, it will become a threat to the freedom of individual citizens. How is the belief realized in reality?

. How many branches is the Government in the United States divided into?

. How is the legislative branch of the Government called?

. What branch of the Government has the responsibility to carry out the law?

. What branch of the Government do the Supreme Court and lower national Courts make up?

. Why do President and Congress have almost complete political independence from each other?

. What happens to a legislative bill passed by Congress, if the President vetoes it?

. What happens to a treaty with a foreign government signed by the President, if Congress refuses to ratify it?

. What protects individual rights and freedom of citizens from government interference?

. What major powers does the Constitution assign to each branch of Government?

. What is the attitude of the Americans to their system?

Task 4. Say whether the statements given below are true or false.

. The Constitution's Framers (who drafted the United States Constitution) set out to design a government in which no branch of government could become all powerful.

. The Constitution's Framers divided the powers of government among lawmakers, judges, and a chief executive, and they made it possible for each group to balance and check each other's powers.

. It is impossible in the American System to have the leader of one political party win the Presidency, while the other major political party wins most of the seats in Congress.

. The cornerstones of the Constitution include the system of checks and balances, federalism, and individual rights.

Task 5. Complete the sentences.

. The executive branch, symbolized by the office of the president of the United States, ___ 2. The legislative branch, symbolized by the U.S. Congress, ___ 3. And the judicial branch, symbolized by the Supreme Court, ___) enforces the law.) makes the laws.) interprets these laws and decides whether they are compatible with the Constitution.

Task 6. Electoral Quiz.

. The President of the US is elected every ____years.

. Name the two major political parties in the USA and their animal symbols.

. What is the name of the type of the election in which political party members vote for their favorite among candidates from their own party?

. What is the name of the political event at which a political party's Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates are determined and the party platform is formalized?

. Can everyone living in the US vote for the President?

. In what month are the US Presidential elections held?

. Does every state have the same number of Electoral College votes?

. Who becomes President, the winner of the popular vote or the winner of the Electoral College vote?

. On what date is a new President of the US inaugurated (sworn into office)?

. How long does a single term of a US president last?EXERCISESRevision:

·        Past Simple

·        Past Continuous

·        Past Perfect

·        Past Perfect Continuous

·        Prepositions on/in/at (place)

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple Tense.(be) the 4th of July of the year 1776 when the colonies (declare) their independence from England. In the following years the political system (be based) on the "Articles of Confederation", which (be) a non-binding 'contract' for the member states. Seeing that this system (not / work out), the Continental Congress (introduce) the draft of a 'binding contract', later called the Constitution. This draft of the Constitution (be formally accepted) in 1787 and needed 9 state votes to be ratified. That (be) in the following year and (start) with the State of Delaware, today nicknamed "the First State". Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina and New Hampshire followed. The official date for the American Constitution to become effective (be) March 4th, 1789.

Exercise 2. Study the following examples.

. As I was walking down the road I saw Bill.

. The phone rang while I was having dinner. 3. Put verbs into the Past Simple or Past Continuous.

. At six o'clock this morning I (have) a wonderful dream, but then the alarm (go) off. 2. This time yesterday I (lie) on the beach. 3. I saw Sid when I (come) to work this morning. He (shop). 4. She (meet) her husband while she (travel) in Egypt. 5. While I (talk) to Mrs Singleton somebody (walk) into my office and (steal) the computer. 6. I (look) out of the window and (see) that we (fly) over the mountains. 7. I (wake) up to find that water (pour) through the bedroom ceiling. 8. He (break) his leg while he (play) football. 9. She (tell) me she (have) a bad time with her husband. 10. When Jake (come) in everybody (stop) talking. 4. Study the following examples.

. When I got to the car park I realized that I had lost my keys.

. She told me that she had worked in France and Germany.

. He arrived late; he hadn't realized that the roads would be so icy.

. She was upset because Andrew hadn't telephoned.

. All the roads were blocked: it had been snowing all night long.

. After I had been walking for an hour, I decided to have a rest.

. She felt ill because she had been working too hard.

. Mary could see that the child had been crying for some time.

Exercise 5. Put verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Past Perfect.

. I (be) sorry that I (not / be) nicer to him. 2. Nobody (come) to the meeting because Angela (forget) to tell people about it. 3. I (see) her before somewhere - I (know). 4. Because he (not / check) the oil for so long, the car (break) down. 5. She couldn't find the book that I (lend) her. 6. All the people we (invite) turned up, and some that we (not / invite). 7. They (never find) where he (hide) the money. 8. It was a firm that I (never hear) of. 9. When she (come) in, we all knew where she (be). 10. The lesson (already start) when I (arrive).

Exercise 6. Complete the text with the following verbs in the Past Perfect Progressive., lie, repair, workLatton, 39, an engineer at Felton Plastics in Upton, had a lucky escape after an accident on the A34 in the early hours of the morning. Mr. Latton fell asleep while driving and crashed into a pile of sand left by workers who (1) ___ road. When he left Felton Plastics at 3.00 this morning, Mr. Latton (2) ___ for 72 hours without any sleep.passing motorist discovered the accident after the engineers (3)___ in his car with a broken leg for half an hour. Ambulance workers said that if Mr. Latton (4) ___ any faster his injuries might have been much worse.

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with in, at or on.

. Write your name ___ the top of the page.

. I like that picture hanging ___ the wall ___ the kitchen.

. There was an accident ___ the crossroads this morning.

. I wasn’t sure whether I had come to the right office. There wasn’t name ___the door.

. ___the end of the street there is a path leading to the river.

. You’ll find the results ___ the back page of the newspaper.

. I wouldn’t like an office job. I couldn’t spend the whole day sitting ___ a desk.

. My brother lives ___ a small village ___ the south-west of England.

. The man the police are looking for has a scar ___ his right cheek.

. The headquarters of the company are ___ Milan.8. Complete the sentences. Use in, at or on + one of the following:window your coffee the mountains that tree my guitar the river the island the next garage

. Look at these people swimming _____.

. One of the strings ____ is broken.

. There’s something wrong with this car. We’d better stop _____.

. Would you like sugar _____ ?

. The leaves ____ are a beautiful colour.

. Last year we had a wonderful skiing holiday ____.

. There’s nobody lining _____. It’s uninhabited.

. He spends most of the day sitting ____ and looking outside.

Things to do

Task 1. Speaking.

. Speak about the political system of the UK.

2. Explain the characteristics of the political system of the UK.

. What are the differences and similarities in the political systems of the UK and the USA?

Task 2. Translate and comment on the following.

-       India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru said: "Democracy is good. I say this because other systems are worse." Is it similar to the opinion expressed by Winston Churchill?

Task 3. Discussing.

1. What is democracy?

. Speak about the role of the media in democratic states.

3. Ground your opinion about the meaning of the expression given at the top of this unit: "The measure of a civilized society is how we educate our young and care for our old."

UNIT 6. TRAVELLING

roads lead to Rome.many countries so many customs.’s better to travel hopefully than to arrive.

Everybody needs a vacation. Travel and tourism is an entire service industry based on this idea. Travel and tourism, in basic terms, is all of the transportation and accommodations necessary for travel.

Travel and tourism includes travel agencies, airlines, rental car companies, hotels and restaurants <#"512714.files/image002.gif">snippet- отрывок (из книги)-стойкий, прочный

transparency- прозрачность

opaque- непрозрачный, светонепроницаемый

accomplishment - достижение

impenetrable- недоступный, непроницаемый

Task 4. Match the definition with their English words and Russian equivalents.

. a sort of a tune used in adverts

. advert on radio or television

. a large board in a public place on which posters are put

. a phrase used in advertising to attract attention to the product

. advertising for a product in places where it is sold

. a small piece of printed paper that advertises smth

. famous person, celebrity speaks on behalf of a product

. advertising materials sent through the mail

музыкальный логотипpoint- of -sale advertising

реклама на радио, телереклама jingle

доска для афиш и объявлений slogan

рекламный девиз mailshots

реклама в месте продажи endorsement

листовка commercial

поддержка товара billboard

разовая рассылка рекламных материалов leaflet

Task 5. Combine a word from A with one from B to match each of the definitions and match with Russian equivalents.

Рекламирование товаров знаменитостями; Целевая аудитория;