The creation and activities of local organizations of the Bund Belarus
The creation and activities of local organizations
of the Bund Belarus
The formation of the Bund as the organization was laid union
of the circles of the Jewish workers and artisans western provinces of Russia
empire. Have them on the basis of traditionally existed in the trades among
mutual-aid funds (the Jewish craftsmen - hevres) for the benefit of mass labor
movement in terms of economic recovery and encouraging the participation in the
struggle to improve their conditions of workers and artisans, as put forward
demands to increase wages wages, and shorter working hours, better working
conditions were all clear and urgent.
Gradually, the union is "shop" Cass (a profession)
in the city, and then the district. Reason for this is was, firstly, the need
for financial support for strikers (especially if the strike was prepared in
all crafts), and secondly, the desire of the Social Democrats to establish a
network of closely related labor organizations, united by one goal. Cash
gatherings used the Social Democrats to promote Marxist ideas, and later for
the dissemination of revolutionary literature and training facilitators in the
working environment.
Benevolent Fund, were also formed on an occupational basis -
the shop. They were led by departmental gatherings that solve critical issues
and the organization of the strike (which was very timely in the wake of the
mass strike movement in the 90's. This has enabled the Social Democrats to use
the mass workers' movement for political agitation and klasovogo education
workers. Thus began the process of transformation mutual-aid funds to fund the
fight, which took place under the influence and direct participation of the
Jewish Social-Democrats, which have developed active in the province at the
turn of the 80 - 90 years of the XIX century, and was most common in the mid
90's. With the end of the period promotion and transfer of Social Democrats to
mass agitation in the working environment. The first such ticket was founded in
Vilna in 1888 at chulochnits. [2, pp. 56]. By Remark Martov "became the
head of the strike movement, helping to formulate the strikers their demands,
the Social Democrats have reached a short AREM noticeable effect on the workers
and Masa had to turn fragmented, the private struggle of individual groups of
workers in class struggle against the oppressor of his poleiriata mass classes
"[4, p.83].
This fund began to struggle not only at the head of the
strike movement in the province, but also a center of education workers.
Craftsmen fund set up everywhere and the Government as a source of
antigovernment propaganda. In 1896, in Minsk acted Booking artisans bench and
blacksmith shops of the 50 people on her needs met weekly for 10 kopecks. with
the student and 20 kopecks. with apprentice [6, LL 2 on 9 on.]. The same
cashier from 1894 existed at the tailors, cobblers, schetochnikov etc. [6, pp.
12 on. - 13 on].
Thus against the background of the strike movement has
developed and matured a mass workers' organization, has united a community
economic requirements for employers (increased wages, shorter hours, better
working conditions, etc.). In October 1897 took place on 1 congress of
representatives of 15 cities: Vilnius, Minsk, Warsaw, Dvinsk, Bialystok,
Bobruisk, Smorgon, Lodz, Kovno, Mogilev, Gomel, Vitebsk, Odessa, Verzhbolova,
Vilkovyshek [5, pp. 199]. Thus was created the Bund.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. basis of the
organizational structure of the Bund continued to be cash struggle (strike
funds). Their primary objectives are: to disseminate among the masses of social
democratic ideas, the development of class and political consciousness of
workers, improve their economic situation. The transition from propaganda in
small circles to the general agitation among the working masses, marked changes
in the tactics of the Social-Democrats, the middle 90's. XIX century., Demanded
radical changes in prevailing before the work and organization. The reform plan
was scheduled for leaders of the movement in Vilna, as follows: 1) the final
conversion of shop insurance funds in public resistance (cash counter), etching
of them the last remnants of peaceful mutual-aid funds, and 2) direct
connection of the Social Democratic Center with these insurers through the
permanent collections of prominent figures for each fund "with the center
(meeting facilitators), and 3) adaptation of the circles to the problem of
making the leaders of the mass movement of workers, so the clubs should be
taken only active workers are able and inclined to engage in propaganda;
classes in the groups must be free from academic and school nature, closer to
life, 4) classes in the groups should be conducted primarily in the jargon, to
make possible the participation of all capable of propaganda work of the
proletarians [2, pp. 57].
In the late XIX-early XX centuries. in each city with a
notable labor movement has established local committees of the Bund. Initially,
their role was more of a coordinating and directing: equipment for the study
circles of socialist literature and political readings, distributing illegal
literature and issue proclamations supporting the strikers with money and
formulation of requirements in the strikes, etc. To do this, the committees
were needed streamlined communication among themselves and with the Central
Committee for the supply of literature, organization of illegal libraries on
the ground, a network of safe houses for the organization of meetings. For the
Central Committee sets forth the general leadership of the movement, liaison
between the local committees, supply of literature and publishing activities
[3, pp. 85-86.].
Analysis of the economic situation during the economic
downturn of the late XIX century. forced the Bund to its 4 th Congress in 1901
to introduce a limited offensive strikes [1, pp. V]. first place in the
activities of organizations out political struggle. As the nature and expanding
forms of fighting organization became grow the necessary specialized branches
(the editorial group and printing for the publication of proclamations and
other revolutionary literature; Red Cross, helping prisoner and exile, etc.).
Evolution of the organizational structure of the Bund was a
parallel evolution of the main ideological principles and, accordingly, the
goals and objectives put forward by the Bund at the turn of XIX - XX centuries.
Thus, at the head of the labor movement of every city in fact
there were two centers - the workers and intellectuals, who possessed a high
degree of autonomy. The confrontation of these centers, the reluctance to
restructure work circles of education led to the Workers' Opposition in many
centers of motion.
But at the beginning of XX century, аs the exhaustion of the prospects for
purely economic struggle, anti-government protests intensify political and
retaliatory government repression against Zubatovism and impact of such
vocational-revolutionary organizations, like Iskra begin centralistic growth
trends in the Bund and the corresponding restructuring of its structure. It was
expressed primarily in the expansion of the competence of local committees of
the Bund and strengthening the leadership role of the Central Committee on the
basis of strict party discipline.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. basis of the
organizational structure of the Bund continued to be cash struggle (strike
funds). Their primary objectives are: to disseminate among the masses of social
democratic ideas, the development of class and political consciousness of
workers, improve their economic situation. The transition from propaganda in
small circles to the general agitation among the working masses, marked changes
in the tactics of the Social-Democrats, the middle 90's. XIX century, Demanded
radical changes in prevailing before the work and organization. The reform plan
was scheduled for leaders of the movement in Vilna, as follows: 1) the final
conversion of shop insurance funds in public resistance (cash counter), etching
of them the last remnants of peaceful mutual-aid funds, and 2) direct
connection of the Social Democratic Center with these insurers through the
permanent collections of prominent figures for each fund "with the center
(meeting facilitators), and 3) adaptation of the circles to the problem of
making the leaders of the mass movement of workers, so the clubs should be
taken only active workers are able and inclined to engage in propaganda;
classes in the groups must be free from academic and school nature, closer to
life, 4) classes in the groups should be conducted primarily in the jargon, to
make possible the participation of all capable of propaganda work of the
proletarians [2, pp. 57].
In the conduct of local committees, and also took over
stewardship of the surrounding villages to the city. Under the direct
supervision committee meetings were agitators who had carried out the decisions
of the Committee. In addition to these institutions, headed by general
revolutionary work throughout the city, there were also craft centers for the
same work in certain crafts. Thus, the cash gradually replaced the rallies from
80-ies of XIX century. workers' circles, where the Social Democrats trained
workers in literacy and аbility to consider, the beginnings of political
economy, gradually turned into numerous organization, which became the head of
a numerically increased the labor movement. Thus were created the conditions
for creating one of the oldest and most influential in the territory of Belarus
Social Democratic Party - the Bund.
Sources and literature
1.
1905 in Belarus. Collection of articles, memoirs and Materials, Ed. M. Schulman
/ Commission CEC of the BSSR in the commemoration of the 20 th anniversary of
the revolution. - Mn., 1925. - 131 pp.
2.
Buchbinder NA History of the Jewish labor movement in Russia. In unpublished
archival material. - L.: Academic Publishers, 1925
3.
Report on the Russian Social-Democratic movement to the International Socialist
Congress in Paris. History of the Jewish labor movement in Russia and Poland. -
Geneva, 1901
4.
Martov L. proletarian struggle in Russia. - 2-nd edition, revised and expanded.
- Spb., Publishing RG Glagolev, 1906
5.
NARB, fax. 60, op. 3, d. 91.
6.
NIAB, fond. 705, op. 1,
d. 1.