Tourism. Types of tourism
The Russian State University of Tourism
and Service.
Tourism. Types of tourism
Tkachenko Anastasia
SKD-07-1
Moscow 2009
Content
1.
Tourism
2.
Types of tourism
2.1
Extreme tourism
2.2 Cultural tourism
2.3 Ecological tourism
2.4
Educational tourism
Topical
vocabulary
Summary
1. Tourism
Tourism is defined as the act of travel
with the intentions of recreational pleasure. The World Tourism Organization defines a tourist is someone who
travels at least 50 miles or 80 kilometers away from their home, for the purpose of entertainment and pleasure. The terms tourist and tourism were first
recognized in 1937
by the League
of Nations, whose definition involved a person who traveled abroad
for more than 24 hours. Tourism is the act of paying money to go from one place to
another to see different and unique sights, has been a fact of civilized life
since approximately the 12th century. Of course, back in those days it was
basically the upper, upper classes that had the time, the money, and the
interest in travelling from one spot to another. The word "travel" by
the way comes from the medieval English word "travail" which means
suffering great hardship, and that is a very good description of travel in its
earliest days. Much has been written about the journeys of Marco Polo, who
until recently was considered the world's first tourist. The advent of air
travel in the 1930's heralded the true beginnings of what is called
"tourism" today. People move from all around the country, whether by
plane, boat, car, bus or train. Today's Travel for the Masses Data from the
American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA) suggests that at any given moment of any
given day, more than 2 million people around the world are in the process of
traveling from one place to another. The world tourism organization claims that
tourism is currently the worlds largest industry. With annual revenues of
almost 3 trillion, its economic impact is second to that of only the weapons
industry.
2. Types of tourism
There
are different types of tourism that can be enjoyed. Some are listed below:
·
Extreme
tourism or shock
tourism is a type of niche tourism
involving travel to dangerous places (mountains, jungles, deserts, caves, etc.)
or participation in dangerous events.
·
Cultural
tourism involves
visiting historical or intersting cities, such as Paris,
Shanghai,
Rome or Warsaw.
This is when tourists engage in cultural experiences, like visiting an art museum, theater or opera.
·
Ecotourism involves traveling that does
not pose a threat to the environment, such as safariing in Kenya. Ecotourism
integrates tourism with ecology, offering wide varieties of landscapes and
activities.
·
Educational
tourism developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of
knowledge, and enhancing technical competency outside the classroom
environment.
2.1
Extreme tourism
Extreme tourism or shock tourism is a type of niche tourism involving
travel to dangerous places (mountains, jungles, deserts, caves, etc.) or participation
in dangerous events. Extreme tourism overlaps with extreme sport. The two
share the main attraction, "adrenaline rush"
caused by an element of risk, and differing
mostly in the degree of engagement and professionalism. Extreme tourism is a growing business
in the countries of the former Soviet Union (Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, etc.) and
in South American
countries like Peru, Chile and Argentina. The
mountainous and rugged terrain of Northern Pakistan has
also developed into a popular extreme tourism location. While traditional
tourism requires significant investments in hotels, roads, etc., extreme
tourism requires much less to jump-start a business. In addition to traditional
travel-based tourism destinations, various exotic attractions are suggested,
such ice diving in the White Sea, or
travelling across the Chernobyl
zone. Demand
for extreme tourism in Russia is greatly increased. Tourist’s firms actively
offer rafting, traveling on horse back, by bicycle and motorcycle. More and
more people are attracted by rafting, diving, pleasure flight on balloon and
many others. Russians are testing their nerves more and more often nowadays.
Extreme tourism is becoming very popular in the country. Extreme tourists
Fyodor Konyukhov, Dmitri and Matvei Shparo have become symbols of Russian
fearlessness, and their names are skillfully used as brand names by manufacturers
of tourist equipment. Diving is very popular in the whole world. It is
underwater diving with special apparatuses, providing a swimmer with breathing.
Diving is both a sport and entertainment. Recently, diving has become one of
the trendiest varieties of extreme tourism in Russia. As many as 15,000
Russians practice diving. They enjoy underwater scenery not only in warm seas -
the Black Sea, for example, but also in cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. To
practice the Black Sea diving you do not have to be rich. To do the same near
the North Pole is quite a pricey affair. You should have at least a thousand
dollars to pay for instruction lessons and special equipment. Military-style
recreation is one of the most exotic types of extreme tourism offered by
Russian tour agencies. It includes military-historical and military technical
programs and is intended for those who would want to drive a tank, or fly a
combat aircraft, or shoot live rounds. So far, this type of extreme activities
is still being tested on tourist market.
2.2 Cultural tourism
Cultural tourism is the subset of tourism
concerned with a country or region's culture, especially
its arts. It generally
focuses on traditional communities who have diverse customs, unique form of art
and distinct social practices, which basically distinguishes it from other
forms of culture. Cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas,
particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as museums and theatres. It can also
include tourism in rural areas showcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural
communities and their values and
lifestyle. It is generally agreed that cultural tourists spend substantially
more than standard tourists do. This form of tourism is also becoming generally
more popular throughout Europe. On the positive side are the unique cultural practices and arts that
attract the curiosity of tourists and provide opportunities for tourism and
economic development. On the negative side is the issue of how to control
tourism so that those same cultural amenities are not destroyed and the people
do not feel violated.
2.3 Ecological tourism
According
to the definition and principles of ecotourism established by The International
Ecotourism Society (TIES) in 1990, ecotourism is "Responsible travel to
natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of
local people." Ecotourism (also known as ecological tourism) is a form of tourism, that appeals
to ecologically and socially conscious individuals. Generally speaking,
ecotourism focuses on volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to
live on the planet. It typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna and cultural heritage are the primary
attractions. Many
locations have bеcоmе popular because of the growing worldwide interest in ecology. Ecotourism integrates tourism
with ecology, offering wide varieties of landscapes and activities, including unspoiled bеасhes and coral reefs with productive
marine systems, for scuba-diving enthusiasts; vast limestone caverns in
highlands with trekking, mountain biking, sailing, rafting and other travel
opportunities and miles and miles of empty beaches. Responsible ecotourism includes
programs that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the
environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in
addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of
ecotourism is the promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation
and creation of economic opportunities for the local communities. Number of fans of
ecotourism grows everywhere every year. This kind of tourism return people,
tired of cities, forces and energy during contact with the nature and
observation of it. The list of the UNESCO world heritage includes 5 Russian
natural objects: primeval forests of Komi, Baikal lake, volcanoes of Kamchatka,
golden Altai mountains, Western Caucasus. In these regions just ecotourism can
help to conservancy.
2.4 Educational
tourism
Educational
tourism developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of
knowledge, and enhancing technical competency outside the classroom
environment. In the educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure
activity includes visitation of another country to learn about the culture of
the visited country (Student Exchange Program and Study Tour) or to work and
apply their learning inside the classroom in different environment
(International Practicum Training Program).
Topical
vocabulary
approximately приблизительно,
близко
medieval
средневековый
suffering страдание,
боль
currently теперь,
в настоящее время
revenue доход,
выручка
participation участие
significant значительный,
важный
fearlessness неустрашимость,
отвага
concerned заинтересованный,
увлечённый
diverse иной,
отличный от чего-л.
curiosity любознательность
conserve беречь,
охранять
heritage наследство,
наследие
definition определение,
формулировка
require приказывать,
требовать
skillful опытный,
искусный
established учреждённый,
установленный
conscious сознательный,
осознанный
conservancy охрана
природы
Summary
1.Tourism
The
World Tourism Organization defines a tourist is someone who
travels at least 50 miles or 80 kilometers away from their home, for the purpose of entertainment and pleasure. People move from all around the country, whether by plane, boat, car, bus
or train. The world tourism
organization claims that tourism is currently the world’s largest industry.
With annual revenues of almost 3 trillion, its economic impact is second to
that of only the weapons industry.
2.Types
of tourism. There are different types of tourism that can be enjoyed. Some are
listed below:
·
Extreme
tourism or shock
tourism is a type of niche tourism
involving travel to dangerous places (mountains, jungles, deserts, caves, etc.)
or participation in dangerous events. Extreme tourism is a growing business in the countries
of the former Soviet
Union (Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, etc.) and
in South American
countries like Peru, Chile and Argentina. Extreme tourism requires
much less to jump-start a business. Tourist’s firms actively offer rafting, traveling on
horse back, by bicycle and motorcycle. Diving is very popular in the whole
world. It is underwater diving with special apparatuses, providing a swimmer
with breathing. Diving is both a sport and entertainment.
·
Ecotourism is "Responsible travel
to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of
local people." The list of the UNESCO world heritage includes 5 Russian natural objects:
primeval forests of Komi, Baikal lake, volcanoes of Kamchatka, golden Altai
mountains, Western Caucasus.
·
Educational
tourism developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of
knowledge, and enhancing technical competency outside the classroom
environment.