Comprehensive analysis of the economic activity of the company 'Turboatom'
Entry
gradual move from Ukraine
centrally-planned economic system to a market in a new way raises questions
about the methods of production and business enterprises. In these conditions,
management companies, studying and forming what is called a civilized market
relations, becomes "architect" of new methods of management.a market
economy, a special place is given to entrepreneurs are able to perform an
important function in the company - "to earn profit" - to maintain
profitability and competitiveness high.market economy creates new demands on
the company and its employees. These requirements are dictated not only strong
market competition and high standards of quality of products produced by the
company, but also the need for flexible responses of firms in shvydkominlyvi
market and production situation.financial condition is an important
characteristic of financial activity. It determines the competitiveness of an
enterprise and its potential for business collaboration, is the guarantor of
effective implementation of the economic interests of all financial
relationships: both the company and its partners.financial condition of the
enterprise may be stable, unstable, crisis. Ability of companies to make timely
payments to finance its activities on an extended basis indicates a stable
financial position. Sustained financial condition depends on the results of
industrial, commercial and financial activities.managers need to know the
meaning of such concepts of the market economy as solvency, liquidity, solvency
of enterprises, the threshold of profitability, margin of financial stability,
the effect of price leverage, leverage, degree of financial risk, the risk of
bankruptcy and an., As well as the method of calculating that their
characterize, and analysis.of the main elements of the financial policies of
the organization - an analysis of its financial and economic situation.
Financial and economic analysis allows us to objectively evaluate the
performance of the organization and its business units, to determine the
influence of factors on the main figures of financial-economic activity,
provides an initial framework for developing financial policies of the
organization.aim of the course work is a comprehensive assessment, an analysis
of the financial and economic situation of the company and develop proposals to
improve the financial and economic situation of the company. The object of
study is a joint stock company "Turboatom". Course work consists of
an introduction, five chapters, conclusions and applications.
asset financial economic
business
Section 1.
Enterprise-the primary link in the national economy
.1 Concept, aims and directions of
activity of enterprise
society for providing of normal
(comfort enough) level of the vital functions carries out the great number of
types of concrete labor. To this end, some people create organizations (labor
groups), which together perform this or that mission (exercise program or goal)
and operate on the basis of certain rules and procedures. However, the purpose
and nature of so many different organizations. On this basis they can be
divided into two groups: entrepreneurial (commercial) that operate and develop
at their own expense, and non-entrepreneurial (noncommercial) existence of
budgetary financing provided by the state. Organization of the entrepreneurial
nature of the activity called enterprises.- is separated organizationally and
economically independent main link in the production sector of the economy.
that produces products (performing work or providing services). Commercial code
of Ukraine given the following definition of the word "enterprise".
Therefore, the enterprise is an independent entity, established by a competent
organ of the State or local government agency, or other subjects to meet the
social and personal needs through systematic implementation of production,
scientific research, trade, other economic activity in the order provided by
Commercial Code and other laws.enterprise has historically formed a specific
name is a plant, factory, mine, etc. Every enterprise a legal entity, has a
complete system of reporting and accounting, system balance, bank account,
stamp with its name and trademark.main directions of activities:
market research products,
or situational analysis;
innovation activity;
production activities;
commercial activity;
aftersales
service;enterprise has its own mission statement, or a general purpose, i.e.
clearly solve the reason for its existence. In most cases, the mission of the
modern enterprises can be considered production of goods to meet the needs of
the market and obtaining the maximum possible profit. Based on the Mission of
the enterprise formulates and installed general corporate aims.chosen
enterprise is Open Joint Stock Company «Turboatom»."Turboatom"
established pursuant to the order of FDMU from 31.01.1996, № 16-AT by making
state enterprise "Kharkov Turbine Plant Sci. Kirov" (successor NVO
"Turboatom"). For 70 years of the history produced more than 300
steam turbines for thermal power plants, power station, 110 turbines for
nuclear power plants, more than 400 hydraulic turbines and 450 hidrozatvoriv.
OJSC "Turboatom" has become one of the largest turbine businesses
with a complete production cycle: design, manufacturing, supply, debugging, a
room of turbine equipment of all types of power plants. Production of JSC
"Turboatom" successfully works in 35 countries on four continents.
.2 Legal basis of the functioning of
the enterprise
(firm) has to act and work within
the law, which regulates all directions of its activity. A large number of
legal acts, crucial is the law of Ukraine "on enterprises in
Ukraine", the Charter of the company, as well as consistent with the
applicable law governing collective bargaining relationships of labour
collective of the еnterprise
(firm).enterprise can be established: 1) according to the decision of the
property owner or authorized organization, organization founder; 2) as a result
of the forced division of another company in accordance with current
legislation of Antimonopoly; The enterprise has the right to create their own
branches with current and settlement accounts at the Bank. Each created the
enterprise is subject to state registration in the place of stay in the
Executive Committee of Council of people's deputies for a fee. Each created the
enterprise is subject to state registration in the place of stay in the
Executive Committee of Council of people's deputies for a fee.may be by them
liquidating (reorganized) in cases: adoption of the corresponding decision of
the owner of the property, declaring it bankrupt, the prohibition of activities
established by law for failure conditions. Liquidation is carried out by
liquidation Commission appointed by the owner or created, authorized him the
authority and bankruptcy-court or by arbitration. Of such action being reported
in the press, with the definition of claims to the enterprise is liquidated.
The liquidation Commission shall evaluate the existing assets of the
enterprise, pay out creditors, compose and convey the owner of liquidation
balance. The company is considered to be liquidated(deemed completed) since his
graduation from the State Register of Ukraine.enterprise (a voluntary
association of enterprises) acts on the basis of their own statutes. In the
Charter of the enterprise are determined by its exact name and location; the
owner (owners) or the founder (founders); the main mission and goals;
management bodies and the manner of their formation; competence (powers) of
labour collective and its elected bodies; sources and order of creation of the
property; conditions of reorganization and termination of existence.the Charter
of the enterprise are determined by its exact name and location; the owner
(owners) or the founder (founders); the main mission and goals; management
bodies and the manner of their formation; competence (powers) of labour
collective and its elected bodies; sources and order of creation of the
property; conditions of reorganization and termination of existence.stock
company is one of the legal forms of enterprises. It is created by
centralisation of funds (pooling) of different individuals conducted by the
sale of shares for the purpose of carrying out economic activity and make a
profit.main purpose of the creation of joint stock companies in the country is
bringing to the commercial circulation of available funds (cash and material)
workers and companies to perform certain business tasks. Joint generated from
sale of shares.the association of capital through the creation of joint-stock
company may make individuals and legal entities.to the combined company's
capital can be a means, as well as any tangible assets, securities, rights of
use of natural resources and other property rights, including intellectual
property rights. Total nominal value of shares issued is authorized fund
company, which is equal to 1,250 minimum wages, based on the minimum wage,
which acts at the time of the company.company, in addition to the information
specified in Article 4 "Constitutive documents of" the law "On
Business Associations", must roll on the types of shares of their nominal
value, ratio of different types, the number of shares that kuplyayutsya
installers, consequences of default by issuing shares, term and procedure for
payment of income (dividends) once a year by summing up the year.creates and
operates on the basis of the Memorandum and Rules. According to the legislation
of Ukraine company acquires legal personality upon registration. The Company
has differentiated property has its own balance, may on its own behalf to
conclude contracts, property and moral rights and be sued. Society has a
checking account and a round seal with the name, trademark, which affirmed the
leadership of the company.
.3 Market environment functioning of
the enterprise
the broadest sense of the market is
the domain of manifestation of economic relations between people, resulting in
the production, distribution, exchange and consumption. In a narrow sense the
market - a field of commodity circulation and associated with it a set of
commodity-money relations arising between manufacturers (vendors) and consumers
(buyers) in the process - the sale of goods.interpretation reveals a very
important aspect of significant market that allows you to define its place and
role in the play: the market provides an organic link between production and consumption,
under their influence, and he affects them.
On the market are the real scope and
structure of the various needs, the social significance of the product and
expended in its production labor ratio between supply and demand, which gives a
certain level of prices for goods and services.of the enterprise market
environment refers to the external factors influencing the operation of the
enterprise. External medium enterprises in the scientific literature is
considered as a set of factors that are outside now and exist independently of
him, but affect or may affect its operation.external environment of enterprises
is determined by several ways:
Macro - economic, technological,
political, legal, social, demographic, natural, international factors and the
business environment in the country;
Microenvironment - suppliers,
customers, competitors, intermediaries, contact the audience - a market
institutions, social and public infrastructure, which contacted the
company.external environment has a direct and indirect impact on the company.
By direct environmental impact include: suppliers, partners, competitors,
customers, goods-substitutes.effects to the environment include: international
developments, scientific and technological progress, the laws and authorities,
socio-cultural factors, the state of the economy.main markets and key clients:
-electric power stations of Ukraine, Russia, SND countries, Latin America,
India, South-East Asia and other countries of the far abroad. The main
countries consumers of products of OJSC "Turboatom" in 2008 were:
Russia - 50.5%, Ukraine - 28.7%, Kazakhstan - 8.1%, Afghanistan - 3.1%,
Azerbaijan - 2.1%, Hungary - 2.3% India - 1.4%, France - 0.4%, Bulgaria 0.4% -
and other countries - 3.0%.of OJSC "Turboatom" is a part of the
leading firms of the world. Competitors on the world market is General
electric, Ventingus, Siemens, ABB, Jack-Alston."Turboatom" is a
monopolist in the market of industrial products of Ukraine of the following
types of products: - hydraulic turbines and spare parts to them; - hydraulic
butterfly valves and ball; - steam turbines for thermal power stations and
spare parts to them; - steam turbines for nuclear power stations and spare
parts to them. For modernization and renewal of facilities was developed the
plan of technical re-equipment and provided a number of technical measures
aimed at technical re-equipment of production and scientific-research, design
and technological works., the company occupies one of leading places in the
economy of Ukraine. Because the entity has a market sales of its products not
only in Ukraine, but also abroad, which positively affects the economic
development of the country.
.4 The organizational structure of
the enterprise management
organizational structure of the
economy corresponds to a certain governance structure determined system and the
nature of relations between managerial employees at various levels of
management.the governance structure means a series of links and some management
staff that perform various management functions, their relationship and
interaction, based on the production and organizational structure of the
enterprise.management structure is a collection of some way linked
administrative units. It is characterized by a number of government order, their
interactions and functions they perform.main purpose of the organizational
structure - to ensure effective operations management. It consists in the
enterprise include: plant manager, heads of departments, professionals, staff
(technical).enterprise of OJSC «Turboatom» is located: Moscow Avenue, 199, str.
Kharkov. To 2012 the number of the personnel of OJSC «Turboatom» is 5400
people.of enterprise - two special design bureaus,
technological branches (chief engineer, welder), storage base (casting and forging
average weight, welded design), production machining, assembly and testing of
power equipment.
The management structure of the OJSC
“Turboatom” is a multi-level, that is caused by specificity of manufacture of
the power equipment. It is characterized by:
- Eight deputy;
Four deputy chief engineerStructure
Management OJSC reflects the internal form of government. It is characterized
by the highest governing body of the company is the general duty of
shareholders.of the enterprise is General Director. It solves the issue of the
company, acting on his behalf, has the right of first signature, disposes of
the property business. General Director has financial and administrative
responsibility for reliability of accounting data and statistical reports.activity
is performed by the Supervisory Board and Reviziyna Commission.the Board of
Directors of OJSC "Turboatom" includes:
. Chief engineer - manages the
facilities to ensure technological prefabricated kits, parts, components,
products, semi-manufactures i materials according to schedules of building and
assembly works. Performs calculations to provide justification for the need for
material and technical resources.;
. First Deputy General Director -
General Designer;
. Deputy General Director for
Economics and Finance;
. Deputy General Director of
Property Management;
. Deputy director of production;
. Deputy Director for Information
Technology;
. Deputy General Director on
technical equipment and transportation;
. Deputy General Director for
personnel and legal work;
. Deputy General Director on social
issues;
. Deputy Director of Personnel
Management and the regime;
. Chief Accountant.functional
subdivision perform their duties.
.5 Analytical assessment of assets
and capital of the enterprise
- resources controlled enterprise as
a result of past events, the use of which is expected to yield economic
benefits in the future. Assets enterprise consisting of non-current and current
assets. In table 1.1 analyze the structural changes of the assets at the plant
of OJSC « Turboatom ».
1.1 Analysis of the structure and
dynamics of assets of the enterprise for the year 2010.
Показники
|
На початок року
|
На кінець року
|
Абсолютне зростання
|
Відносне зростання
|
|
сума, тис. грн
|
питома вага, %
|
сума, тис. грн
|
питома вага, %
|
|
|
Оборотні активи
|
630383
|
43,17
|
645072
|
38,58
|
14689
|
-4,59
|
Необоротні активи
|
829182
|
56,79
|
1025272
|
61,32
|
196090
|
4,53
|
Витрати майбутніх періодів
|
508
|
0,03
|
1646
|
0,10
|
1138
|
0,06
|
баланс
|
1460073
|
100,00
|
1671990
|
100,00
|
211917
|
0,00
|
Picture 1.
, let us analyze the structure of
assets of the enterprise OJSC «Turboatom» for 2011 year.
Table 1.2 Analysis of the structure
and dynamics of assets of the enterprise for 2011 year.
показники
|
На початок року
|
На кінець року
|
Абсолютне зростання
|
Відносне зростання
|
|
сума, тис.грн
|
питома вага, %
|
сума, тис.грн
|
питома вага, %
|
|
|
Необоротні активи
|
646693
|
38,64
|
717669
|
30,15
|
70976
|
-8,49
|
Оборотні активи
|
1025272
|
61,26
|
1661752
|
69,81
|
636480
|
8,55
|
витрати майбутніх періодів
|
1646
|
0,10
|
987
|
0,04
|
-659
|
-0,06
|
баланс
|
1673611
|
100,00
|
2380408
|
100,00
|
706797
|
0
|
Picture 2.
Thus, the structure of assets
enterprises of OJSC "Turboatom" incorporates a non-current assets,
which at the beginning of 2010 amounted to 56.58%, and at the end - 61.32%.
This means that the enterprise by the end of 2010 increased the composition of
non-current assets. Current Assets of the enterprise in early 2010 amounted to
43.17%, and at the end - 38.58%. This means that the company is actively using
its current assets in production. At the end of 2011 current assets increased
to 69.81%, and irreversible reduced to 30.15%. In addition, the company has
costs of future costs, which at the beginning of 2010 amounted to 0.03% at the
end - 0.10%, and the end of 2011 amounted to 0.04%.- a certain amount of material,
money and intangible assets necessary for business. According to sources of
capital formation is divided into a (created at the expense of owners of the
enterprise) and lending (formed on a temporary basis as a long-term and
short-term loans). Analyze the composition of capital enterprises of OJSC
"Turboatom".
Table 1.3 Analysis of the structure
and dynamics of the capital Enterprise in 2010.
показники
|
На початок року
|
На кінець року
|
Абсолютні показники
|
Відносні показники
|
|
сума, тис.грн
|
питома вага, %
|
сума, тис.грн
|
питома вага, %
|
|
|
Власний капітал
|
1043651
|
71,48
|
1188419
|
71,08
|
144768
|
-0,40
|
Забезпечення наступних виплат і платежів
|
2044
|
0,14
|
1869
|
0,11
|
-175
|
-0,03
|
|
Довгострокові зобов’язання
|
5426
|
0,37
|
5527
|
0,33
|
101
|
-0,04
|
|
Поточні зобов’язання1
|
408952
|
28,01
|
776175
|
28,48
|
67223
|
0,47
|
|
Баланс
|
1460073
|
100,00
|
1671990
|
100,00
|
211917
|
0,00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Picture 3.
1.4 Analysis of structure and
dynamics of the capital of the enterprise by the year 2011.
Показники
|
На початок року
|
На кінець року
|
Абсолютне зростання
|
Відносне зростання
|
|
сума, тис.грн
|
питома вага, %
|
сума, тис.грн
|
питома вага, %
|
|
|
Власний капітал
|
1190040
|
71,11
|
|
65,56
|
370654
|
-5,54
|
Забезпечення наступних виплат і платежів
|
1869
|
0,11
|
1560694
|
0,08
|
20
|
-0,03
|
Довгострокові зобов’язання
|
5527
|
0,33
|
1889
|
0,19
|
-915
|
-0,14
|
Поточні зобов’язання
|
476175
|
28,45
|
4612
|
34,16
|
337038
|
-5,71
|
Баланс
|
1673611
|
100,00
|
813213
|
100,00
|
706797
|
0
|
Thus, analyzing the capital
structure enterprises of OJSC "Turboatom" we see that within 2 years
of the structure remained unchanged, only at the end 2011roku company has
reduced the amount of equity at 5%, and current liabilities increased by 5%.
4.
Conclusions to section 1
the first section of the course we
gave the definition of "enterprise" familiar with the market
environment and the structure of management. Besides assessed the assets and
capital of my chosen business. Consequently, the company - is organizing an
isolated and economically independent main (primary) link in the production
sector of the economy that produces goods (performing work or providing
services). Enterprise OJSC "Turboatom" specializes in steam turbines
for thermal and nuclear power stations, gas turbines, equipment
hidroelektrostantsiy and another power equipment.-
a field of commodity circulation and associated with it a set of
commodity-money relations arising between manufacturers (vendors) and consumers
(buyers) in the process - the sale of goods. Market environment of the company
includes macro, micro and mezoseredovysche.OJSC "Turboatom" included
in the list of companies that have strategic importance for the national economy
and security is among the top firms in the world turbobudivnyh the full
production cycle: design, manufacture, supply, adjustment, trade services
turbine power plants of all types. Production is known in more than 45
countries, among them - Argentina, Bulgaria, Hungary, Germany, Greece, India,
China, Mexico, Russia, USA, Finlyandiya, Efiopiya and many others. That five
company has a favorable market environment and competitive products. Therefore
OJSC "Turboatom" should be developed further.this was the structure
of assets and liabilities of the enterprise and in subsection 1.5 built
diagrams. They showed that OJSC "Turboatom" incorporates non-current
assets - about 70% (end of 2011), current assets - 30% (end of 2011), equity -
66% of current liabilities - 34 %., after reviewing the history enterprises of
OJSC "Turboatom" go to the next section in which we give the
definition of the core business and calculate some indicators.
Section 2. Fixed assets of
enterprises
2.1 Concept, classification and
valuation of fixed assets
Means of production at the disposal
of enterprises and expressed in value form, make it productive assets.
Productive assets are divided into major and reversible. The main feature of
fixed assets of enterprises is the specific nature of the transfer of its value
to the product. Fixed assets transferred its value to the value of the output
gradually through depreciation. Another feature of fixed assets is that they
are used in the production of a constant kind.
According
to the Regulations (Standard) Accounting 7 "Fixed assets" concept
fixed assets are defined as tangible assets that the company holds for use in
the production or supply of goods, services, rental to others or for
administrative and socio-cultural functions, the expected useful life (life) with
more than one year (or operating cycle, if longer than a year).
Fixed assets - it means work, which
takes part in the manufacturing process for many periods, while retaining its
natural form and their cost is transferred to the cost of manufactured products
gradually through depreciation. In industry, the fixed assets of approximately
80%.
With participation in the production
process fixed assets are divided into major production and major non-productive
assets. The main production assets - those who take a direct part in the
manufacturing process. They are divided into active (directly involved in the
manufacturing process, so ensuring proper volume and quality products -
machinery, equipment, vehicles) and passive (create conditions to implement the
production process - buildings). However, the classification of objects into
active or passive part depends on the specific industry. Thus, for engineering
machinery and equipment - the active part. In Oilfield industry active part of
a building (eg, wells).
Non-productive fixed assets, set of
buildings, structures, durable goods, operating in the non-production sphere of
socialist society. They serve non-productive consumption society and constitute
the material basis of the areas of the national economy that are directly not
create material goods (science and education, training, housing and utilities
services, social services health, culture and recreation, management and
defense of the country) .
In addition, fixed assets are
classified by species (technological) structure, by appointment, degree of
participation in the production process.
A necessary condition for the proper
accounting and planning play fixed assets of enterprises is their
classification. The most economically important species (technological)
classification, according to which all fixed assets on the basis of similarity
of their functional purpose and natural-material composition divided into the
following types: land, buildings, transmission devices, machines and equipment
(power machinery and equipment , working machines and equipment, measuring and
control instruments and devices, laboratory equipment, computers), vehicles,
household equipment, tools, industrial equipment and accessories working and
productive livestock, perennial plantings and other fixed assets.
Value of individual species (groups)
of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage of their total cost of the
enterprise determines modelview (technological) structure of the means of
labor.
As the degree of participation in
the production process of fixed assets are divided into two parts: active and
passive.
The active part of of fixed assets -
a set of funds that directly affects the subject of labor (machinery,
equipment, industrial tools, etc.). Passive part of fixed assets (buildings and
structures) - funds with which provide normal conditions of activity.
To establish norms of amortization
deductions according to the Law of Ukraine "On Enterprise Profit Tax"
on May 22, 1997, as amended by the Law of Ukraine of 24.12.2002 № 349-IV, fixed
assets are distributed according to the following groups:
- Group 1 - buildings, their
structural components and gear devices, including residential buildings, and
parts thereof (flats and public places), the cost of capital improvements to
the land;
- Group 2 - automobile transport and
components (spare parts) for him,
furniture, household electronic, optical, electromechanical devices tools and
other office (office) equipment, facilities and accessories;
- Group 3 - any other fixed assets
not included in groups 1, 2 and 4;
Group 4 - electronic computers and
other machines for automatic processing of information associated with them
means reading or printing the information, and other information systems,
computer software, telephones (including cellular), microphones and portable
radio transmitters, which cost exceeds the value of low-value goods
(items).assets are stated at the enterprise are
measured at the original(primary), restorative and residual value.
Initial (starting) value of fixed
assets - historical (actual) cost of non-current assets in the amount of cash
or the fair value of other assets paid (transferred) spent for the purchase (of
create) fixed assets The initial value of any production equipment, except the
price includes the cost of its transportation and installation on-site use. For
this value of fixed assets recorded on the balance sheet during the period of
their operation (line 031 Balance Form 1).
Replacement value - is the value of
reproduction of fixed assets under modern conditions of production. It takes
into account the same cost as the original value, but the current applicable
prices.fixed assets - the value of fixed assets, including their funds of wear
equal to the initial cost with deduction of depreciation throughout its life.to
these three of fixed assets assessments there are evaluation of fixed assets
for salvage value, revalued amount, fair value and book value.value - is the
estimated amount that an entity would receive the current time of disposal
proceeds after deduction of the estimated costs of disposal, if the asset is
obsolete and is in the condition expected at the end of its useful life.cost -
the cost of fixed assets after revaluation.value - is the value of objects
including revaluation, by which they are listed on the balance sheet.Value -
The most probable sale price of fixed funds based on their actual status,
supply and demand.assets are subject to wear. Depreciation - a loss of fixed
assets initial technical performance (use value) and the actual value.are two
forms of depreciation:
) physical deterioration;
) moral deterioration (functional,
technological, social, ecological).deterioration - the loss of fixed assets
initial quality from operation and (or) the impact of climatic conditions.value
of physical depreciation is defined as the amount of depreciation for the
entire period of operation of fixed assets Coefficient of physical
deterioration (Cp.d.) calculated using the formula:
.d.=A/IC
where A - the amount of depreciation
from the beginning of the service (the amount wear), hr;- initial cost fixed
assets, UAH- depreciation of existing labor before full physical deterioration
under the influence of scientific and technological progress. Obsolescence has
4 under the form:
Functional depreciation -
depreciation of fixed assets as a result of the emergence of a more productive
work for the same total cost;
Technological depreciation -
depreciation of fixed assets as a result of the emergence of cheaper labor
similar means;
Social wear - loss of consumer
qualities of fixed assets as a result of non-compliance with safety or
ergonomics.
Environmental Wear - loss of
consumer qualities of fixed assets as a result of non-compliance of the
requirements of environmental safety.measure of the moral depreciation of the
1st kind is the coefficient of moral deterioration of the 1st kind (Cmd),
calculated by the formula
Cmd.1 = (IC - RC) / IC,
where RC - replacement cost fixed
assetsdepreciation of the 2nd kind is impossible to assess because it is
different for different consumers.rate depreciation of fixed assets is
calculated using the formula:
Tcd = 1 - (1 - CD) * (1 - Cmd.1).
Eliminating the effects of physical
deterioration is due to:
Of current and overhaul;
Ensuring regulatory conditions;
Reduce unscheduled equipment
downtime;
Reduction of time spent working at
the moment.prevent obsolescence practice:
Modernization and reconstruction of
labor;
Increased usage of fixed assets;
Establishing shorter than the
physical life of the period of amortization.OJSC "Turboatom" before
it has the following assets: buildings, structures and transmission devices,
machinery and equipment, vehicles, tools, appliances, equipment (furniture), perennial
plantings and libraries, low-value non-current assets. What are their capital
goods at the beginning of 2010 (the residual value) are 211,036 thousand., And
at the end - 225 175 thousand. In 2011, the cost of production purposes at the
beginning of the year makes - 225,175 thousand., And at the end of the year -
257,337 thousand. Funds nonproductive (the residual value) at the beginning of
2010 are - 19,868 thous., And at the end of the year - 19 782 thousand. In
early 2011, the cost of non-production up 21,403 thousand., End - 20,996 thous.
.2 Analytical assessment of
composition, technical condition, movement and effective use of the core
business
Species structure of fixed asset
enterprise - the ratio of different groups of fixed assets to their total
value.
Table 2.1 - Information on fixed
assets of the enterprise (the residual value) in 2010.
Найменування основних засобів
|
Власні основні засоби, тис. грн.
|
Орендовані основні засоби, тис. грн.
|
Основні засоби всього, тис. грн.
|
|
На початок періоду
|
На кінець періоду
|
На початок періоду
|
На кінець періоду
|
На початок періоду
|
На кінець періоду
|
1.Виробничого призначення:
|
211036
|
225175
|
0
|
1060
|
211036
|
226235
|
будівлі та споруди
|
100381
|
99452
|
0
|
0
|
100381
|
99452
|
машини та обладнання
|
86597
|
100379
|
0
|
1060
|
86597
|
101439
|
транспортні засоби
|
2435
|
2432
|
0
|
0
|
2435
|
2432
|
інші
|
21623
|
22912
|
0
|
0
|
21623
|
22912
|
2.Невиробничого призначення:
|
19868
|
19782
|
0
|
0
|
19868
|
19782
|
будівлі та споруди
|
18791
|
18578
|
0
|
0
|
18798
|
18578
|
машини та обладнання
|
549
|
557
|
0
|
0
|
549
|
557
|
транспортні засоби
|
157
|
255
|
0
|
0
|
157
|
255
|
інші
|
371
|
392
|
0
|
0
|
157
|
255
|
Усього
|
230904
|
244957
|
0
|
1060
|
230904
|
246017
|
Description: Payment terms useful
lives of fixed assets are as follows: - buildings, radio - from 5 to 40 years -
all production equipment - 5 to 35 years; energy welding equipment - 2 to 15
years - vehicles - from 3 to 8 years - electrical, computers - from 2 to 15
years. The original value of fixed assets: initial cost of fixed assets of OJSC
"Turboatom" at the beginning of 2010 is 839,172 thousand., And by the
end of 2010 - 863,406 thousand. and has the following composition under:
buildings, radio - 270,095 thousand., or 32.19%, and 272,949 thousand., or
31.61%, machinery and equipment - 515,137 thousand., or 61, 39% and 534,973
thousand., or 61.96% Vehicles - 7356 thous., or 0.88%, and 7741 thousand., or
0.90%, tool, equipment, inventory - 5,315 thousand .. UAH or 0.63% and 5804
thousand., or 0.67%, perennial plants - 34 thous., abo0, 00% and 46 thousand.,
or 0.00%; library fund - 105 thousand., or 0.01% and 109 thousand., or 0.01%,
low-value non-current assets - 41,130 thous., or 4.90%, and 41,784 thousand.,
or 4 , 84%. The degree of physical depreciation: 71.6%. The degree of mechanization
and automation of production - 66.5%. Capacity utilization - 63.2%.
2.2 - Information on fixed assets of
the enterprise (the residual value) for the year 2011.
Найменування основних засобів
|
Власні основні засоби, тис. грн.
|
Орендовані основні засоби, тис. грн.
|
Основні засоби всього, тис. грн.
|
|
На початок періоду
|
На кінець періоду
|
На початок періоду
|
На кінець періоду
|
На кінець періоду
|
1.Виробничого призначення:
|
225175
|
257337
|
1060
|
1060
|
226235
|
258397
|
будівлі та споруди
|
99452
|
105830
|
0
|
0
|
99452
|
105830
|
машини та обладнання
|
100379
|
117858
|
1060
|
1060
|
101439
|
118918
|
транспортні засоби
|
2432
|
2853
|
0
|
0
|
2432
|
2853
|
інші
|
22912
|
30796
|
0
|
0
|
22912
|
30796
|
2.Невиробничого призначення:
|
21403
|
20996
|
0
|
0
|
21403
|
20996
|
будівлі та споруди
|
20199
|
19845
|
0
|
0
|
20199
|
19845
|
машини та обладнання
|
557
|
485
|
0
|
0
|
557
|
485
|
транспортні засоби
|
255
|
228
|
0
|
0
|
255
|
228
|
Інші
|
392
|
438
|
0
|
0
|
392
|
438
|
Усього
|
246578
|
278333
|
1060
|
1060
|
247638
|
279393
|
Description: settlementterms
shall useful operation fixed assets are: - buildings, radio devices - from 5 to
40 years - all production equipment - from 5 to 35 years - steam welding
equipment - from 2 to 15 years - means of transport - from 3 to 8 years -
electrical, computer technology - from 2 to 15 years. First value of fixed
assets of OJSC "Turboatom" at the beginning of 2011 is 867,265
thousand., And the end of 2011 - 917 355 thous., And has the following
composition, respectively: buildings, radio devices - 276 808 thousand USD., or
31.92%, and 287 165 thousand., or 31.30%, machinery and equipment - 534 973
thous., or 61.69%, and 559 973 thousand., or 61.05 %, transport equipment -
7741 thous., or 0.89%, and 8,511 thousand., or 0.93%, instrument, instruments,
inventar - 5804 thous., or 0.67% and 7161 thous., or 0.78%; many years planting
- 46 ths., or 0.00% and 46 thousand., or 0.00%; Library Foundation - 109
thous., or 0.01% and 113 thousand., or 0.01%; low non-current
material
assets - 41 784 thousand., or 4.82%, and 54,386 thousand., or 5.93% degree of
physical depreciation of fixed assets - 69.7%; degree of obsolescence - 33%
degree of mechanization and automation of production - 66.6%, coefficient of
capacity utilization - 63.8%.characterize the movement of fixed assets in the
enterprise using the following indicators:
Retirement coefficient - the ratio
of disposal of fixed assets to their available at the beginning of the year;
Coefficient update - the ratio of
the absolute amount of fixed assets to their presence at the end of the
year.the above mentioned factors for enterprise OJSC "Turboatom", and
displays them in Table 2.32.3 Assessment of the fixed assets of the
enterprise.will hold the 2010 and 2011 years.early 2010, Kzn. = 608 268/839 172
* 100% = 72.5;the end of 2010 Kzn = 618 449/863 406 * 100% = 71.6;early 2011,
the Kzn = 620 687/867 265 * 100% = 71.6;the end of 2011 Kzn = 639 022/917 355 *
100% = 69.7;2010 Kvyb. = 8914/863 406 * 100% = 1.03;2011 Kvyb. = 4173/917 355 *
100% = 0.45;2010 Konov. = 33 109/863 406 * 100% = 3.83;2011, Konov. = 54
263/917 355 * 100% = 5.92.
Table 2.3
Показники
|
2010рік
|
Зміни
|
2011 рік
|
Зміни
|
|
На початок року
|
На кінець року
|
|
На початок року
|
На кінець року
|
|
1.Коефіцієнт зносу
|
72,5
|
71,6
|
-1
|
71,6
|
69,7
|
-1,9
|
2.Коефіцієнт вибуття
|
|
1,03
|
|
|
0,45
|
|
3.Коефіцієнт оновлення основних засобів
|
|
3,83
|
|
|
5,92
|
|
Analyzing data rates, it can be
concluded that in 2010 the difference between the rate of of depreciation at
the beginning and at the end of the year is equal to (-1), and in 2011 already
was (-1.9). Retirement rate at the end of 2010 was 1.03, and in 2011 - 0.45,
therefore, the rate of retirement one year dropped to 0.58. This means that the
number of departures per year of fixed assets decreased.addition calculating
the assessment of the main assets of the company, we calculate the parameters
characterizing the efficiency of fixed assets of the company. They are divided
into generalized and partial. Renewal rate in 2010 was 3.83, and in 2011 -
5.92, ie one year it increased to 2.09. This means that the company OJSC
"Turboatom" annually repairs or replaces the old fixed assets to the
new, thereby intending to expand production.main of general indicators of fixed
assets are as follows:
1) assets ratio (AR), UAH. / UAH:
AR = Q / Sav.,
where Q - volume of products (works,
services) companyyear, UAH;. - The average value of of fixed asset enterprise,
UAH;
) Fund capacity (Fc), UAH. / UAH -
There is a reverse indicator to assets ratio:
Fc = Sav/Q, Fc = 1/AR
) availability of fixed assets of labour
(FO), UAH. / person.:
= Sav./
P
where P - Average number of
industrial personnel, people.average annual value of fixed assets (Sav.) is
calculated by the formula:
Sav. = Sb. + Sci. * TI / 12 - Scd. *
Tcd. / 12
where Sb. - value of fixed assets at
the beginning of the year, UAH.. - The cost imposed during the year fixed
assets UAH.- the number of months to the end of the year, during which
operatefixed assets;. - The cost of decommissioned of fixed assets during the
year, UAH.. - The number of months to the end of the year since the
decommissioning of fixed assets, to calculate the performance of fixed assets
first calculate the average annual value of fixed assets. But since we do not
know and derived parameters entered into service of fixed assets, in their
calculations use the formula simple calculation:
Sav = (IC + Vye) / 2,
where IC -initial cost,- value at
year-end.2010: Sav = (839172 + 863406) / 2 = 851289 thousand UAH.2011: Sav =
(867265 + 917355) / 2 = 892310 thousand UAH.using of fixed assets indicators in
Table 2.4 show a "Indicators of fixed assets."2010 = 992923/851289 =
1.17;2011 = 1357752/892310 = 1.52;in 2010 = 851,289 / 992,923 = 0.86 or 1 /
1.17 = 0.86;in 2011 = 892,310 / 1,357,752 = 0.66 or Fmza 2011 = 1 / 1.52 =
0.66;2010 = 851289/4938 = 172.40;2011 = 892310/5 107 = 174.72.
.4 Performance of fixed assets
Table 2.4
Показники
|
2010 рік
|
2011 рік
|
Зміни
|
Фондовіддача
|
1,17
|
1,52
|
0,35
|
Фондоємність
|
0,86
|
0,66
|
- 0,2
|
Фондоозброєність
|
172,4
|
174,72
|
1,01
|
So, as we see capital productivity
of JSC "Turboatom" increased by 0.35, which means that the company
during the year increased the efficiency of fixed assets That is, the company
during the year increased its output by utilizing fixed assets Consequently,
growth in capital is a positive trend for the company. Productivity
indicates the magnitude of the cost of fixed assets that need to produce a unit
cost of manufactured products. Growth productivity
production indicates less efficient use of capital assets and a negative trend
in the enterprise. As you can see, Fund capacity enterprise OJSC
"Turboatom" for the year decreased by 0.2, this is a positive trend
for the company. availability of fixed assets
during the year increased by 1.01, ie the company increased the number of
employees.
2.3 Depreciation of fixed assets
Depreciation (lat. amortisation -
repayment, payment of debts) - same as depreciation - a process of gradual
transfer of fixed assets for a product that is made with them. To replace worn
parts fixed assets doing Enterprise depreciation, ie deduction of certain
amounts to fit the physical and moral deterioration of production. Depreciation
is used to fully replicate the worn out assets (for renovation), as well as for
a partial refund (for overhaul and modernization).to the Regulations (Standard)
accounting number 7 "Fixed assets" depreciation carried over its
useful life (operation) facility, which is set now, in recognition of the asset
object (if enrolling in the balance), and suspended for a period its
reconstruction, modernization, completion, retrofit and conservation.life
(life) - the expected period of time during which the fixed assets to be used
now or for their use will be made (done) now expected volume of goods (works,
services).is calculated on a monthly basis in the amount of 1/12 of the annual
rates are credited to the depreciation fund and included in the cost of
production or distribution costs. Depreciation depend on:
Methods of amortization or
depreciation rates used;
Amortization period;
The book value of fixed assets;are
some methods of depreciation:
) rectilinear, followed by annual
depreciation is determined by dividing the value of the depreciable, the
expected time to use the facility and equipment:
A = Ac / T
where Ac - amortized cost of fixed
assets;- the useful life of the object on the start date of depreciation.
2)
Reducing the residual value, which annual depreciation is calculated by
multiplying the residual value of the object at the beginning of the year or
the original cost on the date of commencement of depreciation and annual
depreciation. Annual depreciation rate (percentage) is calculated as the
difference between one and the result of the root level of years of useful life
of the object from the result of dividing the liquidation value of the object
to its original value:
A = RVb * (1 - (RV: OP) ^ (1 / T)
RVb - residual value of fixed assets
at the beginning of amortization;- residual value of fixed assets;- original
price of fixed assets;- useful life.
) rapid decrease in residual value,
on which annual depreciation is calculated by multiplying the residual value of
the property at the beginning of the year or the original cost on the date of
commencement of depreciation and annual depreciation rate, calculated based on
the useful life of the asset and the doubles;
) cumulative, so the annual amount
of depreciation is calculated by multiplying the cost that is amortized, and
the cumulative rate. The latter is calculated by dividing the number of years
remaining until the end of the useful life of the facility and equipment,
amounting to the number of years of its useful life;
A = (Vp - Vl) * (Pk: Cr)
Pk - number of years until the end
of Term useful;- Number of years of useful life (at 4 years = 1 +2 +3 +4 = 10,
and the cumulative coefficient in the first year = 4/10).
) production, followed by monthly
depreciation is calculated by multiplying the actual monthly volume of goods
(works, services) and production rates of depreciation. The production rate of
depreciation is calculated by dividing the value of the depreciable, the total
volume of goods (works, services), which the company expects to produce
(perform) using assets.company may apply the rules and methods of calculating
depreciation under tax laws. Depreciation method selected by the company based
on the expected manner of obtaining economic benefits from its use.method of
depreciation of fixed assets object browsing if the expected method of
obtaining economic benefits from its use. Depreciation for the new method
beginning with the month following the month of the decision to change the
method of depreciation.OJSC "Turboatom" pursuant to the Law of
Ukraine "On accounting and financial reporting of in Ukraine" dated
16.07.99 p. № 996-XI, regulations (standards) approved orders Minfinu Ukraine
and other regulations, with a choice of accounting policy to comply with the
now unified methodology reflected in the accounting i reporting business
transactions and order of evaluation of accounting and guided "Regulations
on the procedure for accounting of certain assets and operations of enterprises
state, municipal sectors of economy i commercial organizations that own and /
or use of state, municipal, approved by order MOF Ukraine of 19.12.2006, № 1213,
Order of the enterprise № 61 of 25.04.2007 OJ was amended by Decree № 73 of
08.04.2008 OJ was approved the following accounting policy on depreciation:
amortization of fixed assets accrue with the use of rectilinear accrual
depreciation based on depreciation cost object and expected its useful use
(operation). Attribute to the part low of material fixed assets (MNMA) -
MATERIAL assets of in useful life (operation) more than one year (or the
operating cycle, if it more than year), the value of which does not exceed USD
1000. Charges depreciation (depreciation) on such assets (other than special
purpose equipment and expended from Librarians), in charge of 50% of their cost
in the first months of the object, and the remaining 50% - in the months of phasing
out their assets. amortization (depreciation) to equip special purpose accrue
with the use of rectilinear accrual depreciation based on the value of
equipment and expected term of its useful life (operation). amortization
objects in group "library funds" charge in the first months of their
use in the amount of 100% of their cost. amortization intangible assets accrue
with the use of rectilinear accrual depreciation based on the value of the
object and depreciation expected its useful use (exploitation).
2.4 Methods for effective use of
fixed asset enterprise in consideration
Improve the use of assets and
capacities in enterprises can be due to: increased capacity utilization and
fixed assets in intensity and increase their load in extensiveness, respect
proportionality and variability in the fixed assets (equipment), actively
performed process control.way using of fixed assets functional business - is
retooling and improving recovery of fixed assets. Extensive use of assets - is
to increase working hours of existing equipment (for change, day, month,
quarter) and increase the number of existing facilities throughout its
structure. We draw attention to two major techniques to improve the efficiency
of enterprises: reconstruction and conscientious and professional attitude to
work of the workers themselves. Control of of fixed assets enterprise staff
affects the production process, and because the proportion of fixed assets
(machinery, equipment, buildings) requires gentle care. Flow control is
steadfast inspection equipment and all equipment.loading machines and equipment
only limited fund calendar time. Significant improvement in extensive
downloading of labor helps reduce fleet idled equipment and accelerate
decommissioning unnecessary and inefficient equipment used and the organization
through this full two-shift operation. Figure 5. shows a scheme of systematic
and consistent scheme implemented effective use fixed assets
5.
Conclusions to Section 2
Section 2 discusses the basic
foundations of JSC "Turboatom". Coefficients of depreciation,
disposals and updates OB. Also in this section is intended utilization OB:
return on assets, fund capacity,
capital-labor ratio.economic activity of enterprises in Ukraine takes place in
the context of limited investment resources, which necessitates efficient use
of their available assets. So, before now become a task achieve greater
utilization of existing assets and especially their active part in time and
capacity, that it is about raising intensive use., the company OJSC
"Turboatom" to improve the efficient use of assets should be: broad
introduction of NTP, accelerating the development of new, more productive
capacity, the elimination of structural imbalances and bottlenecks, increasing
the proportion of the active part of the assets in their total value, improve
the physical condition funds by improving the organization and carrying out
their repair service, improve the use of equipment in time, improve reliability,
durability, maintainability funds.
Section 3. Current assets of
enterprise
.1 Enterprise Current assets:
functional and cell structure, sources of formation
capital - is the financial resources
invested in facilities, the use of which is now within one production cycle or
relatively short calendar period (usually up to one year).assets are one of the
components of property of an enterprise, the state and the efficiency of which
is essential for success. They are in constant motion, consistently passing all
stages of the operating cycle, so their volume should be sufficient to ensure
the continuity of the production process.
Current assets - a collection of
monetary resources necessary for the development and production cycle of
revolving funds and funds circulation. Current assets consist of revolving
funds and appeals. Revolving funds - is part of the means of production which
once involved in the production process. It and immediately transfer their
value to the finished product and are constantly changing their natural
external form. Funds appeal - a means of serving process sales (in the process
of production, they are not involved).assets are
designed to provide a dynamic component of economic activity. In the cycle they
undergo three stages of change:
. Harvesting stage -
"money - current assets" - covers the period required for the
creation of inventory. Current assets at this stage in the form of money used
to purchase raw materials and other items of work.
. Production stage - the
"current assets - finished products" - begins with obtaining items of
work completed and shipment of finished goods to the warehouse company. Current
assets at this stage appear as items of work, unfinished and finished products.
. Implementation phase -
"Finished goods - money" - begins with receipt of the finished
product to the warehouse Enterprise ends and getting revenue from product
sales. Current assets at this stage in the form of finished goods and money.
Thus, the funds perform one
revolution, and then everything repeats. Working capital Enterprise depending
on the role it plays in the production process is divided into working capital
(capital in production) and circulating assets (capital in circulation). To
study the composition and structure of current assets classified according to
certain characteristics that show a in the following figure.
6.
Classification of current assets.us
define some indicators of current assets.- are objects of labor, which are in
stock in the form of stocks and intended for processing in the manufacturing
process.consist of raw materials, basic materials, semi-finished, components,
auxiliary materials, lubricants, fuels, containers, spare parts, low value items
of work.value items are works that are used as a means of work for a year or
less, or the value of which does not exceed 100-fold (for budgetary
organizations 50-fold) minimum wage labor.in progress - a product that has not
yet passed all stages of processing. In terms of value - is the cost of
acquisition of materials, spare parts, raw materials, wages and other funds
needed to continue production.expenses - it costs the performance of research,
innovation activities, the development of new technology, rent, etc., that are
made in the current year, but production costs debited in subsequent
periods.circulation - is part of the means of production, which is not involved
in the production cycle, but avansuyetsya now to create revolving funds. To
fund circulation include:product that is in stock enterprise and prepared for
shipment to the consumer, and that part which has already been submitted, but
not yet paid;in stock that are purchased for further distribution at higher
prices. In accounting separately displayed products in stock and in the way
that goods sent to the supplier of the consumer. Thus ownership of the goods
has passed to the consumer, but they have not yet arrived at its warehouses and
not canceled;arising from mutual settlements between companies for services
rendered or made delivery of goods;in the calculations, which include both real
money in the form of cash in the cash business, and cash assets in the current
account in the bank.that revolving funds meant for the production and circulation
of funds - to serve the circulation.peculiarities of planning and organizing
principle of current assets divided by normalized and nonnormable. Normalized
to include all working capital and finished goods in warehouses, who are
irregular - shipped but not yet paid for finished goods, goods in the warehouse
and in transit, cash at bank account and unfinished calculations, cash in
hand.peculiarities of planning and organizing principle of current assets
divided by normalized and nonnormable. Normalized to include all working
capital and finished goods in warehouses, who are irregular - shipped but not
yet paid for finished products.of circulating assets of the company have their
own involved or further involved agents. Reflect on this structure in Figure 7.
7. sources of
working capital.
A significant proportion of
circulating capital Enterprise owned inventory (material resources), so the
efficiency of their use depends on the utilization of working capital at all.of
norms recognized by the following classification criteria:) designation - the
standard cost of raw materials, energy, fuel, etc.;) the scale action - group
(on the same types of products) and individual;) Validity - year (the current
plan) and perspective;) the level of detail of objects rationing - for details
(node) and products in general;) the level of detail of normalized resources -
specified (in the kinds of resources with specific parameters) and reduced (by
types of resources for the narrower range).
.2 "Analytical assessment of
the elemental structure of current assets and structure of the sources of the
formation of in the enterprise in consideration"financial condition of the
enterprise largely depends on the rationality of forming sources, ie what kind
of money enterprise has at its disposal, to whom enterprise owes for these
funds and where they nested.normal operation of the company needs to reduce the
conversion of funds that are in inventories of raw materials, finished goods
and receivables to cash in the current account. Efforts to reduce the period of
turnover of working capital (in terms of interest in the extension of
Enterprise payment payable) may result in the construction of its financial and
operational requirements to zero or even transform the negative value when the
Enterprise will more money than they need for continuous operation.this case,
we need to define the concept of working capital. Thus, working capital
(current assets) - this means advances in current production assets and circulating
assets to ensure continuity of the process of production, sales and profits.
And under current assets understand - money resources invested in current
production assets and circulating assets to ensure continuous production and
sales of manufactured products, which are involved in the manufacturing process
once and completely transfer their value to the cost of production., working
capital can be classified in the circulation. Production revolving funds - are
objects of labor are consumed in one production cycle and completely transfer
their value to manufactured products. They serve the manufacturing process.
Funds circulation - this means companies involved in the maintenance process of
circulation of goods (including finished products).on these definitions, the
main purpose of working capital is to ensure the continuity and rhythm of
production.and structure of current assets are shown at the picture. 3.
Picture 3. Classification and
composition of working capital
In OJSC "Turboatom" in
current assets reflected in Table 3.1 for 2010.
Таблиця 3.1 «Структура оборотних
фондів підприємства»
Найменування статей
|
На початок періоду
|
На кінець періоду
|
Зміни
|
|
абс.,тис. грн..
|
відн., %
|
абс.,тис. грн..
|
відн., %
|
абс.,тис. грн..
|
відн., %
|
темпи зростання, %
|
1 Запаси
|
162199
|
33,3
|
291111
|
41,34
|
128912
|
8,04
|
179,48
|
2 Дебіторська заборгованість
|
188467
|
38,69
|
199838
|
28,38
|
11371
|
-10,31
|
106,03
|
3 Грошові кошти
|
106017
|
21,77
|
183883
|
26,12
|
77866
|
4,35
|
173,45
|
4 Інші оборотні активи
|
30405
|
6,24
|
29310
|
4,16
|
-1095
|
-2,08
|
96,41
|
Усього оборотних активів
|
487088
|
100
|
704142
|
100
|
217054
|
0
|
|
Results of the analysis show a chart
using:
) "The structure of
current assets at the beginning of 2010"
Picture 8.
) "The structure of
current assets at the end of 2011"
9.
Composition of working capital for
the year 2011 show a in Table 3.2.
3.2: "The structure of current
assets"
Найменування статей
|
На початок року
|
На кінець року
|
Зміни
|
|
абс., тис. грн..
|
відн., %
|
абс., тис. грн..
|
відн., %
|
абс., тис. грн..
|
відн., %
|
темпи зростання
|
1 Запаси
|
291111
|
41,34
|
410612
|
33,60
|
119501
|
-7,74
|
141,05
|
2 Дебіторська заборгованість
|
199838
|
28,38
|
343315
|
28,09
|
143477
|
-0,29
|
171,81
|
3 Грошові кошти
|
183883
|
26,12
|
406595
|
33,28
|
222712
|
7,16
|
221,12
|
4 Інші оборотні активи
|
29310
|
4,16
|
61502
|
5,03
|
32192
|
0,87
|
209,83
|
Усього оборотних активів
|
704142
|
100
|
1222024
|
100
|
517882
|
0
|
|
Results show a through diagrams.
) "The composition of
current assets at the end of 2011"
Picture 10.
) "The composition of current
assets at the end of 2011"
11.
Therefore, analyzing the structure
of current assets of OJSC "Turboatom" we see that in 2010 we
increased reserves by 8%, and receivables, however, decreased by 10.3%, cash
increased by 4.35%. And during 2011 stocks declined by 7.74%, receivable by
0.29%, while cash increased by 7.16%.
.3 Receivables Company: types, net
realizable value, the calculation of provision for doubtful debts
the process of enterprise does not
always makes settlements with other companies or individuals simultaneously
with the transfer of property, performance of work, provision of services and
so on. In this regard, it appears receivables.receivable defined as the sum
receivable company to date. Debtors - legal and physical persons from past
events owe the company a certain amount of cash, cash equivalents or other
assets. According to the accounting balance sheet date. Because according to
the national accounting company serving as interim (quarterly) reporting, the
amount receivable enterprise should determine on a quarterly basis.receivable
displays the form № 1 "balance" in the assets. Assets of the company
- the resources controlled by an enterprise from the use of which is expected
to yield economic benefits in the future. Certainly economic benefit of
receivables reflected in the fact that the company as a result of the repayment
expects sooner or later get cash or cash equivalents. According receivables can
be considered an asset only when it is probable that the repayment by the
debtor. If this probability no amount of accounts receivable should be written
off.the debt cannot be reliably measured, ie, determine its worth, it may not
be recognized as an asset and should not appear in the balance sheet.to P (S)BO
10 receivables divided into long and short. Long-term receivables - the amount
of receivables that arise during the normal operating cycle and will be settled
after twelve months from the balance sheet date or within one operating cycle.
In the short term, or as it is called current, Receivables understand the
amount of receivables arising during the normal operating cycle or will be paid
within twelve months from the balance sheet date. In P (S) BO 2 defines the
operating cycle. Operating cycle - a period of time between the acquisition of
inventory to operate and obtain tangible assets (equivalent funds) generated
from the sale of these products or goods and services. Determination of the
normal operating cycle of the standards do not, however, using the above
definition of operating cycle, we can conclude that it is operating cycle in
normal activities. Normal operating cycle not exceeding 12 months, but some
activities it may last longer than one year. Despite this, the debt that arose
in the course of this operating cycle, still not recognized the long-term and
ongoing., long-term debt - is basically debt not related to operating
activities.receivables (short) - a debt that occurs during the normal operating
cycle or will be repaid within 12 months from the balance sheet date.account
for the amounts receivable used several kinds of assessments.
. Present value of future payments
expected to repay this debt.the present value of future payments to reflect the
applicable lessors payments under financial lease agreements.other words, the
amount of such payments to be reflected in the net investment in the lease,
equal to the total minimum lease payments and unguaranteed residual value less
unearned finance income.
. The net realizable value.at net
realizable value is used for current receivables for goods, products, works and
services, value of this assessment is as follows.company, shipping of products
or goods, performing work or providing services, not always receiving payment
from buyers and customers immediately. It was forced to go to some risk in
order to increase its sales in a competitive environment. In fact, the company
provides its customers commercial credit. In such circumstances, is always the
likelihood that the payment from the buyer is not received. At the same time
according to the accrual basis at the time of shipment of goods (products),
works or services the company should recognize revenue from the sale. In income
also includes debt, that probably will never be paid. This leads to the fact
that real income that the companies in the future, unreasonably inflated the
amount of these debts. Therefore, the recognition of revenue from sales it must
reduce the amount of doubtful debts. This requires prudence and principle,
according to which it is impossible to overstate earnings.estimate the amount
of doubtful debts there is a special procedure under which the company forms a
provision for doubtful debts., current receivables for products, goods, works
and services at the time of acceptance of its assets increases the income from
the sale and measured at the initial value. But the balance sheet date of the
amount shall be reduced by the amount of allowance for doubtful debts. Of total
debt balance included at net realizable value, which represents the difference
between the cost of current receivables and the amount of allowance for
doubtful debts.
. Historical cost.at cost is used
for all kinds of long-term and current receivables that are not payable for the
products, goods, work or services, or expected payments under finance leases.
For these types of debt provision for doubtful debts is created.debt as long as
the present one, at some point be recognized now hopeless. By 2000, the
national accounting was no concept of bad debts, even though it was provided to
write off the losses the company amounts receivable for which the limitation
period has expired or for which there is documentary evidence of the impossibility
of repayment, ie documents issued by judicial authorities., in order to
establish accounting uncollectible receivables do not need documentation.
Suffice it to was made one of the conditions:
Expired limitation period (3 years);
There is a belief that the debtor
does not repay its debts.
Provision for doubtful debts is
formed now at the balance sheet date. Simultaneously, the value of reserve
increases the cost reporting period. Due allowance will be written off bad
debts next year. Thus, the method of writing off bad debts against provision
for doubtful debts is different from the method of direct write-off) date
include such sums due to cost. Obviously, when using the first method costs
previously recognized that respects the principle of prudence, according to
which costs can not underestimate.(S) BO 10
provides two methods of creating provisions for doubtful debts:
) based on the solvency of
individual debtors;
) based on the classification of
receivables.first method is based on the results of analytical accounting
receivables for each borrower. If a particular debtor declared insolvent, then
the amount of his debt should increase the provision for doubtful debts.
Although this method is acceptable, in the exercise now quite a large number of
operations is better to use the second method of creating provisions for
doubtful debts.second method is based on the basic and periodization
receivables. To use this method, the company needs to analyze information from
several previous reporting periods for bad debts of products, goods, works or
services. This should be considered when each particular debt was hopeless
before terms of payment under the contract or after she became overdue.debts
that are uncollectible after the date of payment under the contract, apply a
breakdown by period. Of course periods of arrears is as follows: separately
summed debts that become bad within a month after the maturity of the contract,
up from 1 to 2 months 2 to the month and debt that became hopeless for more
than three months after maturity payment under the contract.debt can be bad not
only by recognition buyer bankrupt, but after the expiration of the limitation
period (ie three years from the date of payment arrears, provided the
contract), the company will also consider receivables that arose three years
ago.each group debt ratio is determined by uncertainty. The formulas for
calculating the value of this ratio does not exist, it is approximate based on
observations and experience, as well as accounting data for past periods.
Meaning calculation of uncertainty is to determine for each group receivables
(distributed by period) the percentage written off outstanding bills, ie the
percentage of outstanding debt. Sure rate uncertainty increases with the period
of default.
.4 Analytical assessment of
performance of working of the enterprise. Influence of turnover of working
capital on the final business results
are several standard indicators used
to evaluate the efficiency of working capital. The first in the list of
indicators worth noting turnover ratio of current assets. It shows how many
revolutions carry working capital for the period. It is defined as:
Коб. = Q/ Sоз.,
- the volume of sales for the year
of production (volume of work performed, services), hr.,
Sоз.
- average total balance of current assets, hr.our case, we expect this ratio
for a particular company. Therefore, according to the financial statements of
OJSC "Turboatom" we calculate Коб
the
formula:
Коб = ф.2
(ряд.010-ряд.015-ряд.020) / ф.1 (ряд.260 на початок звітного
періоду+ряд.260 на кінець звітного періоду)*0,5
, the turnover ratio enterprises of
OJSC "Turboatom" in 2010 was:
Коб = (992923 - 42121 -
0) / (829182 + 1025272)
* 0,5 = 950802 / 927227
= 1,03.
У 2011 році: Коб =
(1357752 - 89137 - 0) / (1025272
+ 1661752) * 0,5 = 1268615 /1343512
= 0,94.in 2011 compared to 2010 decreased
by 0.09. This indicates a slow turnover of working capital.on the list of
performance efficiency of working capital - is the load factor. Load factor
(Kzav.) - the inverse turnover ratio shows how much working capital enterprises
per one hryvnia sold products (works, services):
Кзав. = 1/ Коб. = Sоз. / Q
За 2010 рік: 1
/ 1,03 = 0,97;
За 2011 рік:
1 / 0,94 = 1,06.
Duration of one revolution (Tob.)
shows the duration of one revolution working capital in days and is defined as:
Тоб. = Д/ Коб,
Д
- number of days in the period under review (Д
= 360 для року, Д = 90 для кварталу і Д = 30 для місяця).
За 2010 рік: Тоб = 360 /
1,03 = 350 днів.
За 2011 рік: Тоб = 360 /
0,94 = 383 дні., in 2010 OJSC "Turboatom" need 350 days to replenish
its working capital, and in 2011 - 383 days.indicators of effectiveness of
assets is the turnover of stocks and the duration of a turnover of
stocks.stocks (Kob.z.) is defined as the ratio cost of sales to average
inventory cost:
Коб.з.= ф.2 ряд.040, графа 4 / ф.1
(ряд.100 на початок звітного періоду+ряд.100 на кінець звітного періоду)* 0,5
Коб.з. = 461853 / (162199
+ 291111) * 0,5 = 461853 / 226655 = 2,04;
Коб.з. = 575546 / (291111
+ 410612) * 0,5 = 575546 / 350861,5 = 1,64.
Calculating inventory turnover ratio
is clear that the company reserves during 2010 an average of 2.04 times
replenished, and during 2011 - at 1.64 times.on working capital (wd) shows how
much profit the company received one hryvnia invested working capital, and is
defined as:
Роб.= П/ Sоз,
П
- profits that the company has received in the billing period.
Роб.за 2010 рік = (188780
/ (829182 + 1025272) * 0,5) * 100% = (188780 / 927227) * 100% = 20,4 %;
Роб. за 2011 рік =
(427293 / (1025272 + 1661752) * 0,5) * 100% = (427293 / 1343512) * 100% = 31,8
%.balance (Soz.mis) working capital is calculated using the formula:
оз.міс=(Sп+Sк) /2,
п, Sк
- accordance balance of current assets at the beginning and end month
USD.balance of current assets (Soz.r.) is determined by the formula:
оз.р.= (S1 +
S2.........................................+…+ S12)/12,
де S1, S2,.S12 -
average
monthly balances of working capital.hrоз.р.
за 2010 рік = (829182 + 1025272) / 12 =
77646,2;
Sоз.р.
за 2011 рік = (1025272 + 1661752) / 12 =
223919, 7.
The amount released by accelerating
the turnover of working capital (ΔSоз)
calculated by the formula:
ΔSоз
= Qзв. /360 * (Тоб.баз.- Тоб.зв.),
Qзв.
- the volume of sales in the year of production (works, services), UAH..baz.,
Tob.zv. - the average length of one revolution of current assets, respectively,
in the base and reported years, days.
∆Sоз
= 1267942 / 360 * (383 - 350) = 3522,06 * 33 = 116227,98 грн.
Суму приросту прибутку (збитків) (ΔП),
одержаних за рахунок зміни оборотності оборотних засобів можна розрахувати за
формулою:
ΔП
= Пв.баз. * Qзв./ Qбаз.* Sбаз. / Sзв. - Пв.баз.,
Пв.баз.
- gross profit in the base year, UAH.
Sбаз. , Sзв. -
average balances of current assets in the base and reported years, UAH.
Qбаз.-
sales in the base year, USD.
∆П = 366783 * 1267942 / 942329
* 77646,2 / 223919, 7 - 366783 = 1335438,5.
Вплив використання оборотних засобів
на рівень рентабельності підприємства визначають за формулою:
ΔР
= Пв. зв. * 100./ ( Sсер.оф.зв. + Sоз.зв. - ΔSоз.)
- Р.зв,
ΔР
- change in overall profitability due to changes in the average balance of
current assets,%;
Пв. зв. -
gross profit in the year, UAH.
Sсер.оф.зв. -
average annual value of fixed assets in the year, UAH.
ΔSоз.
- amount released by accelerating the turnover of
working capital;
Р.зв. -
overall profitability in the year,%.
∆Р = 1267942 * 100 / (892310 +
223919, 7 - 116227,98) - 31,8 = 126794200 / 1000001,72 - 31,8 = 95,10%.
Operating cycle is defined as the
time between the acquisition of inventory to operate and receipt of funds
generated from the sale of these products or goods and services by the formula:
ОЦ = Тоб.з.- Тоб.дз,
Тоб.з. -
average duration of one revolution reserve inventory, days;
ОЦ за 2010 рік = 350 -
122 = 228 днів;
ОЦ за 2011 рік =383 - 308
= 75 днів.
The financial cycle is defined as
the time of circulation of cash or when funds diverted from the circulation,
and can be calculated by the formula:
ФЦ= ОЦ - Тоб.кз.,
ФЦ за 2010 рік = 228 -
220 = 8 днів;
ФЦ за 2011 рік = 308 -
275 = 33 дні.
3.5 Measures to improve the
utilization of current assets of the company in question
the turnover of working capital a
priority enterprises in modern conditions is achieved in different ways.the
stage of creation of such inventory can be:
The introduction of cost-based
standards of safety;
Proximity of raw material suppliers,
semi stuffs products to consumers;
Extensive use of direct long-term
relationships;
Expanding warehouse system logistics
and wholesale materials and equipment;
Comprehensive mechanization and
automation handling in warehouses.the stage of work in progress:
Accelerating scientific and
technological progress (implementing advanced equipment and technology,
especially waste-free, rotary lines, chemicals manufacture);
The development of standardization
and unification, typing;
Improving forms of industrial
production, the use of cheaper construction materials;
Improvement of economic incentives
economical use of raw materials and energy resources;
Increase the proportion of
production that is in high demand.the stage of treatment:
The approach to its consumer
products manufacturers;
Improving the payments system;
Increase in sales as a result of
orders by direct relations, early production, manufacturing products with
savings materials;
Careful and timely collection of
products shipped in batches, range, normal transit, shipping in strict
accordance with the concluded agreements.
to section 3
and use of working capital in
operational activities solves a number of issues of strategic development of
the company and provides the final results of economic activity. Most domestic
companies cannot withstand fierce competition, do not reach a high level of
profitability due to lack of working capital, working capital flows. The
problem of assessing the level of security firms working capital, sources of
funding, determining efficiency and quality regulation is very complex and
relevant from the perspective of strategic management decisions at every
venture. Problems of financial improvement and effective management facing any
resistance - which union, now and require surgical solution. This requires the
development of a universal approach to the regulation of the individual
characteristics of the activities of associations and enterprises. This
approach should be based on objective laws of functioning and development of
the economic system, consider the impact of external and internal factors,
especially his activities.
Effective management of working
capital, which aims to determine the rational use of the whole enterprise
development, and the formation and use of working capital require careful
analysis.
During the composition of working
capital refers to the set of elements that form the current production assets
and circulating assets, ie their placement on individual elements.of current assets
is the ratio of individual elements of current assets and funds circulation,
that shows the proportion of each element in the total current
assets.overwhelming majority of current assets are the subject of work - raw,
basic and auxiliary materials, purchase prepared food, fuel and fuel containers
and packing materials. . In addition, circulating assets include some tools -
shvydkoznoshuyuchi low value items (IBE), tools, special equipment, AC
equipment, tools, spare parts for maintenance.the collection of receivables can
be achieved by: exploring financial condition and buyer confidence for its
entry
Further margin;
Timely processing of payment
documents;
The use of pre-payment;
Application of bill payment;
Improvement of settlements, etc.
Section 4: Enterprise personnel
.1 Enterprise personnel: concept,
classification and structure
The most important element of the
productive forces and the main source of economy is people, their skills,
education, training, motivation activities. There is an extraordinary
dependence competitiveness of the economy, the welfare of the population as a
potential labor personnel enterprise organization.personnel formed and changed
under the influence of internal (nature of products, technology and production)
and external factors (demographic processes, legal and moral standards of
society, the nature of the labor market, etc.). Impact of recent specified in
such settings macroeconomic nature, as the number of active (working)
population, its general level, labor supply, employment, the potential pool of
labor. In turn, these characteristics determine the quantitative and
qualitative parameters of the workforce.resources - is part of the working
population, according to their age, physical, educational data corresponding to
a particular field. Be distinguished manpower real (those who are already
working) and potential (those that are involved in some work in the far
future).characterize the entire set of employees, the terms - staff, personnel,
labor group).personnel is a collection of permanent employees who have received
appropriate training and (or) have practical experience.addition to permanent
employees, the enterprise can participate in other able-bodied person on the
basis of a temporary employment contract (contract). Given that many companies
outside the main activity of the functions that do not meet their main purpose,
all employees are divided into two groups: Team principal activities and staff
of non-core activities. In particular, in the industry in the first group -
industrial personnel - are employees of the main, auxiliary and service
industries, research units and laboratories, plant, storage, protection - that
is, all engaged in the production or direct service. The group of nonindustrial
personnel are employees of organizations which, although owned by the company,
but not directly related to the processes of industrial production, namely:
Housing, kindergartens and nurseries, clinics, schools, etc..division personnel
on two groups needed for payroll, coordination of employment indicators of
results of industrial activity (in determining productivity is taken, usually
only the number of industrial personnel). However, the distribution processes
integrating industrial systems, commercial and other economic structures above
grouping staff becomes more conventional.accordance with the nature of the
functions Enterprise staff usually divided into four categories: managers,
professionals, employees, workers.- are employees who hold positions of
managers and their departments. These include directors (CEOs), heads, heads,
managers, supervisors, masters in the business, the structural units and
divisions, some specialists (chief accountant, chief engineer, full mechanic,
etc.), as well as alternates in accordance with the above posts.are employees
engaged in engineering, technical, economic and other activities, including -
engineers, economists, accountants, quantity surveyor, administrators,
paralegals, social scientists and others.employees are employees engaged in the
preparation and documentation, accounting and control, commercial service
(perform purely technical work), in particular - clerks, accountants,
archivists, agents, draftsmen, clerks, typists, Stenographers etc.. Workers
directly involved in the process of wealth creation and maintenance, movement
of goods, transportation of passengers, providing tangible services and others.
In addition to workers include janitors, cleaners, security guards, couriers,
and cloakroom.analytical purposes all workers can be divided into basic - those
directly involved in the creation of products and support - those who perform
maintenance functions of primary production. Gradually, with the development of
production, its mechanization and automation of the boundaries between the main
and auxiliary workers are erased, and the role of the past (including
adjusters, mechanics) increases.area grading plant personnel is its
distribution specialties.- this type of work, putting into effect which
requires a corresponding set of specialized knowledge and practical skills.
Specialty - it's more or less narrow diversity work within the
profession.warehouse personnel of the enterprise depends on the specific field
of activity, nature of products or services, the level of technological
development. Every industry is unique to her profession and specialty. At the
same time there are shared (cross-cutting) professional workers and
employees.of employees by qualification level based on their ability to perform
work of any complexity.- a collection of specialized knowledge and practical
skills that determine the degree of preparedness of the employee to perform
professional functions due to complexity. The skill level of managers,
professionals and officials characterized the level of education, work
experience for a particular position. It is distinguished specialists of the
highest qualification (workers with degrees and titles), highly qualified
specialists (workers with higher special education and extensive practical
experience), semi-skilled specialists (workers with secondary education and
some experience), practitioners (workers occupying similar positions -
engineering, economic, but not special education).Table 4.1 shows "Groups
of workers by skill level, their work and the timing of their training."
Table 4.1.
Кваліфікаційні групи робітників
|
Основні роботи, що виконуються
|
Термін підготовки, стажування, досвід
|
Висококваліфіковані
|
Особливо складні та відповідальні роботи
(ремонт і наладка складного обладнання, виготовлення меблів тощо)
|
Більше 2-3 років. Періодичне стажування.
Великий практичний досвід роботи
|
Кваліфіковані
|
Складні роботи (метало- та деревообробні,
ремонтні, слюсарні, будівельні тощо)
|
1-2 роки. Чималий досвід роботи
|
Малокваліфіковані
|
Нескладні роботи (метало-та деревообробні,
ремонтні, слюсарні, будівельні тощо)
|
Декілька тижнів. Певний досвід роботи
|
Некваліфіковані
|
Допоміжні та обслуговуючі (вантажники,
гардеробники, прибиральники тощо)
|
Не мають спеціальної підготовки
|
Outlining the objectives and
direction of the company, its management should identify the necessary
resources to implement them, including labor.human resources at existing plants
begins with an assessment of their presence. The latter implies an inventory of
jobs, identifying the number of those working on each operation that ensures
the achievement of the ultimate goal (the creation of products and services).
The analysis and subsequent calculations are carried out by categories of
employees (workers, managers, employees), and in each of them - in professions
discharges. When it comes to knowledge workers, in this case, you can use the
system inventory of skills or specialties, registration of professional skills
of employees with fixing the number of employees who own them.determining the
size of the prospective period is necessary to consider environmental factors,
namely:
Market conditions associated with a
particular kind of activity;
Cyclical development of the economy,
predicting a possible global economic downturn;
Regional characteristics of the
labor market (moving production facilities to regions with lower labor costs);
Public (government) program, orders,
contracts (according to the latest enterprise must create new jobs);
Legal aspects (laws, agreements with
trade unions and so on.) Regulating labor relations, protecting the interests
of certain groups of the population and workers;
Possibility to use temporary hiring
workers home work."Turboatom" consists of the following categories:
Table 4.2
категорії
|
2010 рік
|
2011 рік
|
Непромисловий персонал
|
198
|
200
|
Службовці
|
1830
|
1923
|
Погодинники
|
1600
|
1658
|
Відрядники
|
1310
|
1326
|
.2 Assessment System employment
potential enterprise and wages
Effective development and operation
of industrial plant based on the rationale of targets, monitoring their
performance, an objective assessment of the results. Manufacturing activity is
a complex process and combines both traditional (supply, production, sales,
engineering, technology, etc.) and specific (change of ownership, the
introduction of innovative, information technology and investment)
components.trends shaping potential of the company based on the industrial and
social aspects of development. Industrial aspect defines a key factor in the
development of technical and technological base of production, and social -
social and labor. National wealth is created directly labor of its citizens,
because labor is attributed to one of the main factors of the economy., the
base component of capacity building modern enterprise is a staff enterprise
management concept which is in close relationship and interdependence with the
expansion internally branded markets reinzhyrinhom industrial and economic
activities, the transition to new management principles, the development of
computer and telecommunications software management processes workforce.
The economic essence of the labor
potential of society is he speaking in the form of the active labor force
creates the material and spiritual values, as well as the potential labor force
- able to produce them. This important conclusion - a society interested in the
maximum proportion of the labor potential employed in socially useful work,
because it increases the gross domestic product (GDP) and national income (NI),
which finally gives the opportunity to improve quality of life.social nature of
labor potential is that it provides opportunities to individuals and different
social groups assert themselves in society and secure society and legitimate
source of income.potential, as a set of opportunities employees actively or
passively participate in the production process within a specific
organizational structures including logistic, technological, information and
other resources, is a complex structural socio-economic formation that contains
a number of components (Picture 12
)
12 Structure of
labor potential.
The structure of the labor potential
is the ratio of different demographic, social, functional, professional and
other characteristics of groups of workers and the relationship between them,
based on mobility and flexibility, the ability to quick adjustment, and can be
considered as a parameter that is determined by continuously changes within the
same employees and the technological mode of production, show the ratio of the
sources of extensive and intensive growth of the labor potential. The
cumulative impact of external and internal factors specified in the options
macro (labor supply, the number of working-age population and their educational
level) and determine the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the
workforce.characteristics of the labor potential up components like health,
morality and ability to work in teams, creativity, activity, organization,
education, professionalism, resources working time.employment potential can be
considered in three levels: labor potential human potential group (company),
the potential of society. All are interrelated, but not overlap. The basis of
the labor potential of society is the potential of the individual. Human
potential is a measure embodied in human skills, talent, education, skills and
ability of these qualities generate income.employment potential of the
organization is a complex, dynamic, open system, which is part of the labor
potential of society. But the employment potential of the organization is not a
simple sum of the labor potential employees - because union workers in the team
gives the effect of collective labor, or senerhychnyy effect. It varies with
the development of educational and professional level of personnel and their
quantitative composition (turnover, their reduction or increase).of the labor
potential of the company based on a system of indicators, among which are the
following:
Productivity of industrial
personnel;
Coefficient of variability of labor;
Coefficient of variability of the
workplace;
Coefficient Active employees;
Rate of return of full wages.on the
number of workers and their remuneration for OJSC "Turboatom" is
presented in Table 4.3.
4.3
Показники
|
Фактично за 2010 р
|
Фактично за 2011 р
|
Середньооблікова чисельність штатних
працівників облікового складу (осіб)
|
4938
|
5 107
|
Середня чисельність позаштатних працівників і
сумісників (осіб)
|
12
|
11
|
Чисельність працівників, які працюють на
умовах неповного робочого часу (дня, тижня) (осіб)
|
не має
|
не має
|
Фонд оплати праці - всього (тис. грн.)
|
153741,9
|
186146,1
|
Movement of personnel in the
enterprise can display the following indicators:
• staff turnover rate (STR):
STR = Ndtov / An,
where Ndtov- number dismissed their
own volition, for violation of labor discipline or for other reasons not
related to the production, pers.,average number of employees in the same
period, pers.. за 2010 рік =
510 / 4938 = 0,10;
STR.
за 2011 рік = 597 / 5107 = 0,12 ;
• Turnover of labor from admission
(Ctl):
Ctl = PE / An,
where CHP - the number recruited in
the same period, pers.,- average number of employees in the same period, pers.in
2010 = 535/4938 = 0.12;in 2011 = 698/5107 = 0.14;
• Turnover labor under exemption
(Tlue):
Tlue = AD / An,
Where AD. - The amount dismissed in
the same period for any reason, pers.,- average number of employees in the same
period, pers ..for 2010rik = 239/4938 = 0.05;for the year 2011 = 285/5107 =
0.06;
• The level of discipline (LD):
LD = A / Aw,
where A - absenteeism at work
(man-days);- all worked (man-days);in 2010 = 500,000 / 9,876,000 = 0.051;for
2011 = 856,000 / 10,214,000 = 0.084.between certain categories of employees:.
for 2010 = 2568/4938 = 0.52;. for the year 2011 = 3226/5107 = 0.63.
Saving of time determined by the
formula:
St = ND. * T,
where St - saving working time,
days;. - Number dismissed their own volition, for violation of labor discipline
or for other reasons not related to the production, pers.,- time lost due to
turnover, the time required to fillforce of one freed, days.in 2010 = 510 * 3 =
2040 days;in 2011 = 597 * 2 = 1194 days.output is calculated by the formula:
Vdod. = St * HPV
where Vdod., - additional
production, UAH.,. - Planned output per worker one folk-day USD ... for 2010 =
2040 * 74 = 150,960;. for the year 2011 = 1194 * 76 = 90,744.to the Law of
Ukraine "On wages" wages - is compensation calculated, usually in
cash, which is under a contract owner or authorized body shall pay employees
for the work.salary depends on the complexity and conditions of work,
professional qualifications of employees, the results of its work and business
enterprises.i Contracting State regulation wage, human rights workers on wage
and protection defined in the labor Code, the Law of Ukraine "On
wage" and other regulations.majority of enterprises in Ukraine in the
framework of wages imposed following principles:
. Implementation of pay depending on
the quantity and quality of work, from end production results with regard to
the conditions and characteristics of labor.
. The systematic increase in real
wages, excess growth of nominal wages over inflation.
. Excess labor productivity growth
over the pace of growth in average wages.
. Overcoming all kinds of
egalitarianism in the distribution of funds for salaries.of wages at the firm
includes 4 elements:
. Formation payroll.
. Rationing work.
. Development tariff system (tariff
valuation work).
. Developing effective systems of
remuneration.company consists of 3 elements:
.Osnovnye wages.
.Dodatkova wages.
.Inshi incentive and compensation
costs.wage. This - remuneration for work performed in accordance with
established labor standards (standard time, output, service, function). It
installs as tariff rates (salaries) and piece rates for workers and salaries
for employees.salary. This - compensation for work in excess of the norms for
labor and ingenuity and success for special working conditions. It includes
bonuses, allowances, warranties and compensation provided for by legislation;
premium associated with the implementation of production tasks and
functions.incentive and compensation payments. These include payments in the
form of rewards for the results of the year award for special systems and
regulations, compensation and other monetary and material benefits that are not
covered acts of legislation or which shall be made in excess of the specified
acts normal.of remuneration is based on the following principles:
) equal pay for equal work
regardless of gender, age, nationality;
) comprehensive differentiation of
wages given the complexity, the nature and content of work and individual
productivity;
) pay at a level that ensures the
reproduction of the labor force, according to skill level and create conditions
for the growth of individual wages by employee work effort;
) providing advanced productivity
growth compared with the growth of the average wage;
) simplicity and clarity - every
employee needs to know for which figures labor wage increases and which
decreases;
) flexibility.proper remuneration in
the enterprise need to know the amount of labor required for execution of any
work - otherwise normal labor.company pay system established in the collective
agreement. Transfer of employees to another pay system is a change in material
conditions and requires warning employees for 2 months.practice has developed
two main systems used both in "pure" form, and with various modifications
- hourly and piece-wage system.hourly wage system determined by the length of
time worked and qualifications of the employee.system involves determining
earnings depending on the actual output of products of good quality.system can
have three subspecies: the hour, day, month. Work paid for actual time worked:
hours, days, months. When the salary monthly payment does not depend on the
number of working days in the month.system also has several varieties. Straight
piece - earnings calculated by multiplying the number of piece-rates suitable
products. Indirect piece used to support workers (eg, repairmen), salary
depends on the results of the basic production workers that serve auxiliary
workers. Piecework-progressive - pay for products within the rules made by the
same rates as for the products than the norm - at progressively increasing
rates.system can be individually or collectively, depending on how the
organization works. Individual piece system is applicable to industrial site,
which provided a clear account of the work of certain employees. Collective
piece is set on the general results of work crews. Thus the distribution of
earnings is made using the ratio of labor input (RLI). The enterprises adopted
local regulations on RLI set specific parameters, the method of calculating
earnings. Allowance also qualified employee. Wages cannot be lower than the
minimum wage.wage - is legally established wages for simple, unskilled labor,
below which no payment can be made by the employee performed monthly and hourly
labor rate (amount of work). Minimum wage does not include remuneration,
allowances, incentive and compensation payments. Minimum wage is a state social
guarantees required throughout Ukraine for enterprises of all forms of
ownership and management and individuals who use the work of employees.
.3 Staff productivity: the nature,
methods of determination and growth factors
Measure the efficiency of labor in
the production process called productivity. Labor productivity - the ability of
workers to produce per unit of time specified output. labor productivity per
employee is calculated as the ratio of output in value terms of the average
number of employees. Productivity growth means an increase in goods produced
without increasing labor costs.a broader sense of productivity growth means
continuous improvement people economic activity, constant finding opportunities
to work better, produce more higher quality goods with the same or even lower
labor costs.growth provides an increase in real product and income, and
therefore it is an important indicator of economic growth. Since the increase
in national product per capita means increased consumption, and hence living
standards, the economic growth is one of the main purposes of a market economic
system.entity is characterized by a certain level of productivity, which may
increase or decrease under the influence of various factors. Increased
productivity is indisputable condition for progress and development of
production.a famous definition of Marx, productivity growth is the share of
cost of living labor in the products decreases and the proportion of
expenditures of past labor (embodied in the means of production) - is
increasing, but so that the total amount labor per unit of product
decreases.variety of approaches to determine the level of productivity depends
on the specifics of certain those companies or their divisions, and the purpose
of the calculations based on methodological features.the output indicators are
more generalized, universal nature, complexity indices can be calculated for
certain types of products (services) and used to calculate the required number
of workers, identifying the specific reserves increase productivity. The
reliability of the calculations increases for determining the full complexity
(technological, service and production management).- is a direct indicator of
the level of labor productivity, defined number of products (works, services)
produced by one worker per unit of time, and is calculated using the formula:
B = V / T,
where B - output;volume production
(works, services);- labor costs to produce the appropriate amount of goods
(works, services).the 2010 = 930,300 / 4938 = 188.4 gr. / People. hours.;the
2011 = 2534877.4 / 5107 = 496.4 gr. / People. h ..rates require well-tuned to
work with technical regulation and accounting work. Mostly they are used in the
workplace, stations, shops, producing diverse products, and the presence of
large amounts of work in progress, which cannot be measured in physical and
monetary units.ensure accurate measurement of labor productivity (especially
the speakers) for cost indicators should take into account the impact on the
level above the price factor.- a reverse indicator of productivity, which is
characterized by the number of working hours spent per unit of production
(works, services), and is calculated using the formula:
TM = T / V,
TM for 2010 = 4938/930300 =
0.0053;for the year 2011 = 5107 / = 0.0020 2534877.4.planning and analysis in
the enterprise calculated different types of labor: technological complexity,
the complexity of maintenance, manufacturing complexity, the complexity of
management, the full complexity.management productivity, development of
specific programs more efficient use of labor potential of the enterprise (organization)
require classification factors of its dynamics. Given the potential impact on
the activities of the enterprise (organization) all factors of productivity
growth is divided into two generalized groups - internal and external.group of
external factors are those that objectively are beyond the control of a single
company (national and general economic factors - legislation, policy and
strategy, market infrastructure; macrostructure changes in society, natural
resources), and internal - those on which an enterprise can directly influence
(nature of the products, technology, equipment, materials, energy, personnel,
organization of production and labor, motivation system, etc.). However,
external factors also have considerable Enterprise for economic interest.the
fullest use of reserves growth in labor productivity in the business
performance management applications are developed, which indicate the types of
reserves, the specific terms and measures for their implementation, the planned
costs of these measures and the expected economic effect of their introduction,
appointed responsible performers.
.4 Forming a strategy for the
development and effective use of human resources of the enterprise
With the establishment of the market
mechanism of management, exit Ukraine's economy from the financial crisis, its
integration into the world community special importance is the problem of the
labor potential, capable of effective management, increasing competitive
functioning of his business. Of particular urgency is the efficient use of
labor potential to develop strategic potential of the company as a whole and to
maximize the final results of its operations in the short and long-term.the
paramount importance of improving productivity for competitiveness, managers
and specialists at all levels in promising organizations should develop and
implement programs to performance management. These programs in the enterprise
include the following steps:
) measurement and evaluation of the
achieved level of performance in the enterprise as a whole and for certain
types labor including;
) search and analysis of reserves
increased productivity based on information obtained during the measurement and
evaluation;
) develop a plan for use of reserves
increased productivity, which should include specific terms and measures for
their implementation, financing costs of these activities and the expected
economic effect of their implementation, identify responsible actors;
) development of systems to motivate
employees to achieve the planned level of performance;
) monitor the implementation of the
plan and the whole program and control their implementation;
) the measurement and evaluation of
the real impact of the anticipated measures to increase labor productivity.,
performance management in the enterprise - is actually part of the general
management covering planning, organization, motivation, management, control and
regulation. This work is based on direct analysis of the ratio of the
beneficial effects of a work on the one hand, and the costs of these
activities, on the other hand.policy of OJSC "Turboatom" aimed at
realization of a new concept of management personnel. A specialist enterprise
services program was developed acquisition workforce, assignment of them at the
manufacturing, reducing yield strength.
The program includes search engine, selection,
reception and staff adaptation that allows an enterprise to attract highly
qualified Workers and Engineering and technical specialists. Important areas of
personnel policy is the preparation and qualification improvement of personnel,
interaction with civil service employment, cooperate with basic educational
institutions: National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic
Institute" Ukrainian Engineering - Pedagogical Academy, Kharkov National
Economic University, Kharkov National University of Radio, Kharkiv Machine
Building College. Training of personnel in accordance with dinning is
organized Standard enterprise, the Regulation
"On the vocational training of personnel at the manufacturing" and
plan training and qualification improvement of personnel. Professional Training
Workers enterprise is continuous in nature and conducted during whole of
working activity in order to increase and improvement of knowledge, ability and
skills accordance
with the requirements of production.
Conclusions to Section 4
So, in this section we consider the
notion of personnel, labor, and labor productivity and wages.the example of JSC
"Turboatom" we reviewed the classification of staff, described the
staff on professional skills and considered his example payroll.addition, we
learned that the company has a stock 5107 workers employed in manufacturing and
enterprise management. Also in this section, we learned that the company has
its own personnel policy, which increases productivity. In particular, the
timely payment of basic salary, additional salary in the form of prizes for the
production results and surcharges. The company also raises the level of skills
of workers through training. It cooperates with various research institutes
involved in training workers.
Section 5. The results and
performance of the enterprise
.1 Estimated Costs of production
(services)
Regulations (Standard) 16
"Expenses", approved by the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine of
31.12.1999, № 318 and registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on
19.01.2000, № 27/4248, as amended, defines the methodological principles of
formation of accounting information about the costs of the company and its
disclosure in the financial statements. Thus, in accordance with paragraph 6. P
(S) 16 "Expenses" costs of the
reporting periodrecognized or decrease in assets or
increase in liabilities, which leads to a decrease in equity companies
(excluding capital reduction as a result of its withdrawal or allocation
holders), provided that they can be reliably estimated. Elements of costs
recognized set of economically homogeneous flows.object is the production cost,
work, service or type of business, which requires the identification associated
with their production (performance) funds. Not recognized as expenses:
Payments under commission agency
agreements and other similar agreements in favor of the principal, the
principal, etc.;
Preliminary (advance) payment for
supplies, works pospuh;
Repayment of loans received;
Other assets decrease or increase in
liabilities that do not meet the attributes listed in item 6 above-mentioned
provisions (standard);
Costs that appear decrease in equity
in accordance with the regulations (standards).place of the production costs
are grouped by shops, stations, services and other administrative departments
separate productions. It should be recalled that, depending on the nature and
purpose of executable processes production is divided into: primary, auxiliary
and non-industrial economy. To the main production include shops, sites that
are directly involved in the manufacture of products.production is designed to
serve basic production shops, works of repair of fixed assets, software tools,
spare parts to repair equipment, various types of energy, transport and other
services. It includes repair shops, experimental, energy, transportation and
other departments. In nonindustrial sector include: nezavodscue transportation,
utilities, cultural and service institutions, utility companies and other
agricultural units, which are not involved in the production of marketable
products.
All production costs included in the
cost of certain products and services (including some products made for
individual orders) or groups of similar products.on the type of expenditure
classified by economic elements and items costing. Under the cost elements
realize economically homogeneous types of costs. Costs for items costing - it
costs for certain types of products, and the costs of basic and auxiliary
production.means of the transfer cost on production costs podipyayutsya direct
and indirect.direct costs include costs associated with the production of
certain types of products (raw material, basic materials, semi-finished
products, components, etc.) that can be directly included in their
cost.indirect costs include costs associated with the production of several
products (cost of maintenance and operation of equipment, overhead, general
expenses) are included in the cost of using special methods. Indirect costs
constitute complete article costing (ie include costs that include multiple
elements), which differ in their functional role in the production
process.degree of influence on the output level of expenditures are divided
into semi-variable and semi-permanent.semi-variable costs include costs, the
absolute value of which increases with the volume of output and decreases with
its decrease. By semi-variable costs include expenses for raw materials,
purchased components, semi-finished products, manufacturing, fuel and energy,
labor workers engaged in the production of goods (works, services), with
deductions for social events, as well as other expenses.fixed - it costs whose
absolute value of the increase (decrease) in output does not change
significantly. In conventionally fixed costs are associated with the
maintenance and production activities upravpinnyam workshops, as well as costs
of business needs.calendar period production costs are divided into current and
disposable. Current (ie, permanent) - the usual costs or expenses which the
frequency is less than a month. Disposable (ie once) - costs that occur
periodically (frequency greater than a month) and are aimed at ensuring the
production process for a long time. The role of costs when making economic
calculations is as follows:
Costs form a lower bound installed
on manufactured products (goods and services) prices;
Accounting of cost components makes
it possible to identify the most important elements and after the
techno-economic analysis of the impact of their reduction; - Cost analysis
allows producers to compare their own costs of averages, as well as the cost of
competing companies;
The value of spending determines the
level of profitability (profitability) of production (goods and services);
Grouping costs calculation elements
and calculating the cost of produced (sold) products (goods and services) is
qualitatively summary measure of the effectiveness of the test.of products
(works, services) - is expressed in cash operating costs on its production and
sales. Production costs of forming production (factory) cost, and the cost of
production and marketing - the full cost of industrial products. The list
included the cost of operating expenses is defined in Article. 9 of the Law of
Ukraine "On Corporate Income Tax".purpose of planning cost is
economically sound determination of the expenditure required in the planning
period for the production and marketing of each and all industrial products
Enterprise that meets its quality. Calculations planned cost of certain
products and commodity gross output used to determine the need for working
capital, profit planning, determining the economic effectiveness of some
organizational and technical measures and production in general, for in-plant
planning, as well as pricing.production costs are part of planning the
industrial enterprise and a system of technical and economic calculations that
reflect the value (change in the) current costs or expenses; prevailing
throughout the industrial cycle.purpose of keeping the cost of production is
timely, complete and reliable estimates of the actual costs associated with the
production and marketing of products, calculate the actual cost of individual
species and all products, as well as control over the use of material, labor
and financial resources. These cost accounting used for the evaluation and
analysis of performance targets, determine the performance of departments and
enterprises in general, the actual performance of organizational and technical
measures for the development and improvement of production for economical and
analytical calculations. In this connection it should provide a complete
comparison of the planned and reported data on the composition and
classification of costs, facilities and units costing, cost allocation methods
for planned (reporting) period.of sales (services) consists of the production
cost of goods (works, services), which was implemented during the reporting
period, retained constant overhead cost and excessive production costs.the
production cost of goods (works, services) includes:
Direct material costs;
Direct labor costs;
Other direct costs;
Variable and fixed overhead
allocated overhead costs.structure of direct material costs include the cost of
raw materials and basic materials, which form the basis of manufactured
products, purchasing finished products and components, auxiliary and other
materials that can be directly attributed to a particular item costs.material
costs are reduced by the cost of return of waste generated in the production
process.structure of direct labor costs include wages and benefits to workers
engaged in the production of goods, works or services that can be directly
attributed to a particular item costs.composition of other direct expenses
include all other production costs that can be directly attributed to a
particular item costs, including contributions to social activities, rent for
land and property shares, depreciation, loss of marriage, which consist of the
cost of completely rejects technological reasons products (products,
components, semi-finished products), reduced to its fair value and the cost of
correcting such technically unavoidable defects.structure overhead cost
includes:
Costs of production management
(salaries of administrative staff shops, stations, etc.; deductions for social
events and medical insurance system management workshops, stations, costs of
official travel of staff departments, sections, etc.);
Depreciation overhead (guild,
district, linear) assignment;
Amortization of intangible assets
overhead (guild, district, linear) assignment;
The cost of maintenance, operation
and repair, insurance, operating lease assets and other noncurrent assets
general-purpose;
The cost of improving the technology
and organization of production (wages and deductions for social activities of
workers engaged in the improvement of technology and organization of
production, improve product quality, increase its reliability, durability and
other performance characteristics of the manufacturing process, the cost of
materials, purchasing of components and semi-finished products , payment to,
etc);
The cost of heating, lighting, water
supply, drainage and other maintenance of production facilities;
The cost of maintenance of the
production process (pay overhead personnel; deductions for social events,
health insurance and workers' management of production staff, costs of
technological control of production processes and the quality of products and
services);
Gain on health, safety and environmental
protection;
Other costs (in-plant transfer of
materials, components, intermediate products, instruments from warehouses to
shops and finished goods warehouses, lack of progress, lack and loss from
damage to property in the shops, payment delays, etc.).expenditures are divided
into fixed and variable.variable overhead cost includes expenditures for
maintenance and production management (shops, stations) that vary directly (or
almost directly) in proportion to changes in activity. Variable overhead costs
are allocated to each object using a cost allocation base (hours of work,
wages, amount of activity, direct costs, etc.) based on the actual power of the
reporting period.constant overhead cost includes the cost of maintenance and
production management remain the same (or nearly the same) when the volume of
activity. Fixed overhead costs are allocated to each object using a cost
allocation base (hours of work, wages, amount of activity, direct costs, etc.)
at normal capacity. Unallocated fixed overhead costs are included in cost of
sales (services) in the period incurred. The total amount allocated and
unallocated fixed overhead cost cannot exceed their actual value.and
composition of variable and fixed overhead cost now established themselves.to
paragraph 17 of P (S) 16 expenses related to operating activities are not
included in cost of sales (goods and services).in turn are divided into:
Administrative costs;
Cost of sales;
Other operating
expenses.administrative costs include general running costs, focused on service
and management, including:
General corporate expenses
(organizational costs, the costs of annual dues, entertainment expenses, etc.);
Corporate travel and maintenance of
enterprise management, and other general economic personnel;
Costs for fixed assets, other
tangible fixed assets general economic use (operating leases, property
insurance, depreciation, repairs, heating, lighting, water supply, sanitation,
health);
Remuneration for professional
services (legal, accounting, property valuation etc.);
Communication costs (postage,
tepohrafni, telephone, telex, fax, etc.);
Amortization of intangible assets of
general economic use;
The cost of dispute resolution in
the courts;
Taxes, fees and other mandatory
statutory charges (excluding taxes, fees and duties are included in the
production cost of products and services);
Charges for Cash service and other
bank services;
Expenses general economic
purposes.expenses include the costs associated with the sale (sale) of products
(goods and services), including:
The cost of packaging materials for
packing of finished goods in warehouses of finished products;
The cost of repair of containers;
Salaries and commissions to sellers,
merchants and employees of departments that provide sales;
The cost of advertising and market
research (marketing);
Costs of presale catalog;
Travel expenses of employees engaged
in sales;
Costs for fixed assets, other
tangible fixed assets associated with the sale of products, goods and services
(operating leases, insurance, depreciation, repairs, heating, lighting,
security):
The cost of shipping, handling and
insurance of finished products (goods), freight forwarding and other services
related to the transportation of products (goods) in accordance with the terms
of the contract (basis) of supply;
The cost of warranty repairs and
warranty service;
The cost of insurance is designed to
further the sale of finished products (goods), stored in the warehouse of the
company;
The cost of transporting finished
products (goods) between the units (branches, representative offices) of the
company;
Other costs associated with the sale
of products (goods, works, pospuh).operating expenses included.
The cost of research and development
according to P (S) 8 "Intangible assets";
Cost of foreign currency, which for
accounting purposes is determined by conversion of foreign currency into the
currency of Ukraine at the National Bank of Ukraine on the date of sale of
foreign exchange, plus costs associated with the sale of foreign currency;
Cost of inventory, which for
accounting purposes is their book value and the costs associated with their
implementation;
The amount of bad debts and
deductions to the allowance for doubtful debts;
Losses from operating rate
difference (ie foreign exchange for transactions, assets and liabilities
related to operating activities of the enterprise);
Impairment loss of inventories:
Lack or loss from property damage:
Recognized fines, penalties,
penalty;
The cost of maintenance of social
and cultural purposes;
Other operating expenses.of
operating costs called economic elements is as follows:
Material costs;
Labor costs;
Contributions for social events;
Depreciation;
Other operating expenses.structure
element "material costs" include the cost incurred in the production
(except products of own production):
Raw and basic materials;
Purchasing finished products and
components;
Fuel and energy;
Building materials;
Spare parts;
Containers and packaging materials;
Auxiliary and other materials.of
return of waste generated in the production process is not included in the
operating expenses "material costs".structure element "labor
costs" includes wages and salaries by tariffs, premiums and incentives,
financial assistance, compensation, vacation pay and other undeveloped time,
other labor costs.structure element "Deductions for social events"
included:
Contributions to a pension;
Social insurance;
Premiums for unemployment;
Deductions for private insurance
company personnel;
Contributions to other social
events.composition of the item "Depreciation" includes the amount of
accumulated depreciation of fixed assets, intangible assets and other
non-current assets.composition of the item "Other operating expenses"
includes operating expenses that are not included into the above elements,
including travel expenses, for communication services' fees for cash management
services, etc..financial costs include the costs of interest (for credits
received by bonds issued by finance leases, etc.) and other business costs
associated with the borrowing of capital.from equity is a loss from investments
in associates, subsidiaries and joint ventures are accounted for using the
equity method.composition of other expenses include costs incurred during the
normal course of business (excluding financial costs), but not directly related
to production and / or sale of products (goods and services). These costs
include:
Cost of financial investments (book
value and costs associated with the sale of financial investments);
Cost of fixed assets (net book value
and the costs associated with the implementation of fixed assets);
Cost of property complexes;
Losses from non-operating exchange
gains;
The amount of reduction of fixed
assets and financial investments;
The cost of the elimination of
non-current assets (disassembling, dismantling, etc.);
Residual value of liquidated
(decommissioned) fixed assets;
Other expenses normal activities.costs
are included in the financial statements net of the amount by which reduced tax
on profits from the enterprise as a result of losses from extraordinary
events.production cost of production is reduced by the fair value of
byproducts, implemented, and cost related products to assess its possible use,
which is used in the enterprise.and composition of items costing production
cost of goods (works, services), you set yourself now.of costs for elements
used in determining the cost of production in the industry average, according
to industry, individual companies regardless of the type of production, product
range, production structure.
Table 5.1 - Analysis of the
structure of costs and charges enterprise, thous.
Показники
|
За
минулий рік
|
За
звітний рік
|
Відхилення
|
Темп
зростання
|
|
сума
|
питома
вага %
|
сума
|
питома
вага %
|
сума
|
питома
вага %
|
|
1.
Податок на додану вартість
|
1285
|
15,11
|
1989
|
704
|
1,71
|
64,61
|
|
2.
Акцизний збір
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
3.
Інші відрахування з доходу
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
4.
Собівартість реалізованої продукції
|
5544
|
65,18
|
8118
|
68,65
|
2574
|
3,47
|
68,29
|
5.
Адміністративні витрати
|
858
|
10,09
|
1000
|
8,46
|
142
|
-1,63
|
85,80
|
6.
Витрати на збут
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
7.
Інші операційні витрати
|
772
|
9,08
|
242
|
2,05
|
-530
|
-7,03
|
319,01
|
8.
Фінансові витрати
|
45
|
0,53
|
73
|
0,62
|
28
|
0,09
|
61,64
|
9.
Втрати від участі в капіталі
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
10.
Інші витрати
|
2
|
0,02
|
1
|
0,01
|
-1
|
-0,02
|
200,0
|
11.
Податок на прибуток від звичайної діяльності
|
-
|
-
|
6
|
0,05
|
6
|
0,05
|
0
|
12.
Надзвичайні відрахування
|
-
|
-
|
397
|
3,36
|
397
|
3,36
|
0
|
Усього
витрат і відрахувань
|
8506
|
100
|
11826
|
100
|
3320
|
5.2 The formation and use of profits
Enterprise
5.2 - Analysis of the structure of
business income, ths.
Показники
|
За
минулий рік
|
За
звітний рік
|
Відхилення
|
Темп
зростання
|
|
сума
|
питома
вага %
|
сума
|
питома
вага %
|
сума
|
питома
вага %
|
|
1.
Дохід (виручка) від реалізації продукції
|
9276
|
78,42
|
11932
|
86,08
|
2656
|
7,67
|
77,74
|
2.
Операційні доходи
|
605
|
5,11
|
1204
|
8,69
|
599
|
3,57
|
50,25
|
3.
Дохід від участі в капіталі
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
4.
Інші фінансові доходи
|
17
|
0,14
|
-
|
0
|
-17
|
-0,14
|
-
|
5.
Інші доходи від звичайної діяльності
|
1931
|
16,32
|
725
|
5,23
|
-1206
|
-11,09
|
266,34
|
6.
Надзвичайні доходи
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
7.
Усього доходів
|
11829
|
100
|
13861
|
100
|
2032
|
|
85,34
|
Table 5.3 - Analysis of company
profits thousand UAH
Показники
|
За
минулий рік
|
За
звітний рік
|
Відхилення
|
Темп
зростання
|
|
сума
|
сума
|
від
минулого року
|
|
Прибуток
від реалізації продукції (валовий дохід)
|
2447
|
1825
|
-622
|
134,08
|
Прибуток
від операційної діяльності
|
1422
|
1787
|
365
|
79,57
|
Прибуток
від звичайної діяльності
|
3323
|
2432
|
-891
|
136,64
|
Усього
прибутку до оподаткування
|
3323
|
2438
|
-885
|
23,8
|
Усього
прибутку від звичайної діяльності
|
3323
|
2438
|
-885
|
23,8
|
Прибуток
від надзвичайних подій
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Податки
на прибуток від надзвичайних подій
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Чистий
прибуток
|
3323
|
2035
|
-1288
|
163,29
|
Based on the characteristics of income and
income vydokremyty main sources of formation profits. In this context, the
overall shape of the profits and income should be allocated to
species.accordance with the provisions of Accounting number 15 "Revenue"
Gains, classified into the following groups:) Income (loss) from the sale of
products (goods and services);) other operating income;) financial income;)
other income.) extraordinary income.related to the group, established by the
Regulations (Standard) Accounting 3 "Income Statement".
.3 Assessment of financial and economic
condition of the enterprise
Modern business conditions require management
decisions on the basis of their weighted evaluation.turns out one of the
important characteristics of the financial condition of the company - its
financial independence from external sources.this purpose the calculated ratio
of financial independence "autonomy" (KAVT) as the ratio of total
equity to total balance:bus. 2010. = 59146/106655 = 0.55bus. 2011. = 53200/99278
= 0.53total amount shall not exceed the amount of their funding sources, ie
critical KAVT = 0.5. The higher the ratio, the better the financial position of
the company.determine the financial stability coefficient calculated Financial
Stability (CFS), which characterizes the ratio of own and borrowed funds:fc
2010. = 59146 / (0 +47509) = 1.2fc 2011. = 53200 / (0 +46078) = 1.2equity of
borrowing indicates that the company has an adequate level of financial
stability and relatively independent of external financial sources. Standard
value CFS should be greater than 1, as in our case.in the analysis of sources
of equity finance liveredzhu has index (Fl), which characterizes the dependence
business from long-term liabilities and is defined as the ratio of long-term
commitment to the sources of funds:2010. = 0/59146 = 02011. = 0/53200 =
0important indicator of the Company's solvency ratio is a financial risk (Kfr).
It is determined by dividing the amount of capital to capital companies:Fr.
2010. = (0 +47509) / 106655 = 0.44Fr. 2011. = (0 +46078) / 99278 = 0.462010,
0.44 currency units of funds accounts for each currency capital of the company,
and in 2011 0.46.important indicator of liquidity is absolute liquidity ratio
Kal, which characterizes the immediate readiness Enterprise eliminate
short-term debt and is defined as the ratio of cash and short-term business
investments to the amount of short-term (current) liabilities:2010 = (4762 +0)
/ 47509 = 1.712011 = (4022 +0) / 46078 = 1.82010 and 2011 the value of Cal
sufficient within 0.2 -: - 0.35, indicating that the external signs of
solvency. Profitability of enterprises is characterized by the amount of income
and the level of profitability. An essential element of the analysis is the
study of the financial performance and trends of profit. unprofitable
enterprise, we can conclude that there is no source of replenishment of own
funds to conduct its normal business activities. Return - one of the main cost
indicators of production efficiency, which characterizes the rate of return of
assets and the extent of capital in the production process.
Odds of return - a system of indicators that
characterize the company's ability to create the necessary profit in the
process of business. Factors (indicators) profitability determine the overall
effectiveness of used assets and invested capital. They can be calculated as
coefficients and then presented as Tithe fraction or as indicators of
profitability and then presented in the form of interest. Profitability index
is calculated based on the balance (f.1) and report financial results
(f.2)..The basis of calculation of the profitability may be assigned different
values of company profits: gross (marginal) profit, operating profit, profit
before interest and income taxes (EBIT), earnings before taxes on income (EBT),
net profit. Often to calculate profitability ratios used net income or profit
before interest and income taxes. Profitability Analysis carried out by
calculating such basic indicators (ratios):
Return on sales;
Return on assets;
Return on equity;
Return on investment;
Return activities;
Profitability.on sales is calculated as the
ratio of net profit to net income from sales and characterizes the efficiency
of enterprise sales..2010 = 3323/424037 = 7.8%.2011 = 2035/368102 = 5.5%on
assets is calculated as the ratio of net profit to average assets and
characterizes the efficiency of enterprise assets..2010 = 3323/3258900 =
10%.2011 = 2035/3258900 = 6.2%on equity is calculated as the ratio of net
profit to the average cost of equity and efficiency characterizing the
investment to Information Company..k.2010 = 3323/61100 = 15.4%.k.2011 =
2035/59145 = 13.4Profitability is calculated as the ratio of net income from
the sale of goods (works, services) to the cost and characterizes the
profitability of business enterprises from operating activities.2010 =
424037/360452 = 11.7%2011 = 368102/305428 = 12%: The navdenyh above
calculations, we can conclude that the company is profitable, so competitive.
5.4 Analysis of the performance of the
enterprise
Modern market economy require enterprises
improve efficiency, competitiveness of products and services based on the
introduction of scientific and technological progress, effective forms of
management and production management, enhance entrepreneurship. In the market
for economic development enterprises are forced to constantly monitor and
improve the economic efficiency of their operations.term "effect" in
Latin means "result." Thus, the category of "efficiency"
can be interpreted as a "performance". Term effect is the result
value, a consequence of a change in an object caused by the action of external
or internal factors. If a mathematical analogy, the effect - a delta increment
a variable or the difference of the previous and next values. Clearly, the
value of this delta can be both positive and negative, or even zero. Similarly,
the effect can be positive when changes are beneficial and negative when
changes are destructive, or zero if no change. However, the last case, namely
when the result is zero, can in certain circumstances be considered either a
positive or negative effect and not separately considered. Thus, there is an
objective change of a system (object) and its evaluation. This assessment can
be quantitative and qualitative in nature.Enterprise is a comprehensive
assessment of the outcomes of fixed and circulating capital, labor and
financial resources, and intangible assets over time. General methodology for
determining the effectiveness can be formalized by the following relation:
F = E / P,
where E - effect (results);- costs (resources).=
1221/3418 = 35.7%= 1324/3622 = 36.55%: The effectiveness of the enterprise in
2010 was lower than 2011r.Tse shows at improve the financial situation
.5 Factors increasing the efficiency of the
enterprise
The economic and social efficiency (activity)
depends on many factors. Therefore, for practical solutions to problems of
performance management becomes important classification factors of growth on
certain grounds. Classification factors increase the efficiency (productivity)
of industrial and economic systems and other activities appropriate to carry on
three grounds:
) the types of expenses and resources (sources
increases);
) areas for development and improvement of
production (activity);
) the place of the system of production
management (activities).factors at the first sign enables sufficiently clear
definition of source efficiency: productivity growth and lower
zarplatomistkosti products (living labor cost savings), reduced capital
intensity of production and materials (cost savings materialized labor) and
natural resources (social labor cost savings ). Active use of these sources of
production efficiency (activity) involves complex activities that characterize
the content of the main directions of development and improvement of industrial
and commercial business entities (second classification feature).priorities
are:
) the acceleration of scientific-technical and
organizational progress
(Increasing the technical and technological
level of production, improve production structure, organizational management
systems, forms and methods of activity, its planning and motivation);
) improve the quality and competitiveness of
products (services);
) Comprehensive development and improvement of
foreign business entities. Practically the most important factors to be
considered classification performance of the place of management of the system
(the third attribute grouping factors). Particularly important is
vyokremlyuvannya internal (intra) and external (national economic) factors, as
well as the division number of internal factors on the so-called hard and
soft.of internal factors on the "hard" and "soft" is fairly
conventional, but widely used in foreign practice management. Specific name of
these groups of factors borrowed from computer terminology, according to which
the computer itself is called "hard goods", and software - the
"soft goods". By analogy "hard" factors are those that are
physical parameters and measurable, and "soft" - those that they
cannot physically feel, but they are essential for the economic management of
labor collectives.directions of internal and external factors increase the
efficiency of enterprises and organizations vary in degree of enterprises and
organizations vary in degree of impact, degree of use and control. Therefore,
practice management, for managers and related professionals (managers) of
business or other activities important detalnee scope of knowledge, forms of
control and use of the most significant internal and external factors of
efficiency at different levels of management of labor collectives. One or the
other entity can and must constantly monitor the use of internal factors
through the development and consistent implementation of their own programs to
improve performance and take into account the influence of external factors. In
this regard, it is necessary to specify the areas of action and use of key
internal and external factors increase the effectiveness of the entity.
. Technology. Technological innovations,
especially modern forms of automation and information technology, have a most
significant impact on the dynamics and efficiency of production (services).
According to the principle of chain reactions they cause substantial (often
radical) changes in technical level and productivity of manufacturing equipment,
methods and forms of organization of work processes, training and skills
development, etc..
. The equipment belongs to the leading place in
the above production efficiency, as well as other business entities.
Performance of existing equipment depends not only on its technological level,
but also on the proper organization of repair and maintenance of optimum timing
operation, shift work, download time etc..
. Materials and energy positively affect the
level of performance, if solved the problem of resource, reduce material
consumption and energy products (services), rationalized inventory management
of material resources and sources of supply.
. Products. Themselves the products of labor,
their quality and appearance (design) are also important factors in the
effectiveness of the entity. Level latter is correlated with the useful value
is the price the buyer is willing to pay for a product with appropriate
quality., to achieve high economic efficiency of the usefulness of the product
just is not enough. The proposed enterprise (organization) to implement the
products of labor have come on the market in the right place at the right time
and well thought-price. In this regard, an activity must ensure that that there
are no any organizational and economic barriers between the production of goods
(services) and certain stages of marketing research.
. Employees. The main source and determinant of
growth performance are employees - executives, managers, professionals,
workers. Business quality employees, improve productivity of their work is
largely conditioned by compulsory motivational mechanism on the enterprise
(organization), and maintaining enterprise (organization), maintaining a
favorable social climate in the workplace.
. Organization and systems. The unity of the
labor collective, rational delegation of responsibility, appropriate control
rules characterizing good organization of the enterprise (organization) that
provides the necessary specialization and coordination of administrative
processes, and consequently, a higher level of efficiency (productivity) of any
complex industrial and economic system. In this latter to maintain high
economic efficiency should be dynamic and flexible, periodically reformed to
meet the new challenges arising from changes in the market situation.
. Methods of work. With the prevalence of
labor-intensive processes improved working methods are quite promising for
increasing the efficiency of the enterprise (organization). Continuous
improvement of work methods provides a systematic analysis of jobs and their
qualification, skills development, synthesis and use of accumulated other firms
(firms) positive experience.
. Management style that combines professional
competence, efficiency and high ethics of relationships between people,
practically affects all areas of the enterprise (organization). It depends in
any way be considered external factors increase the efficiency of the company
(in the organization). Therefore, proper management style as part of modern
management is an efficient factor in increasing the efficiency of any business,
each business structure.
. State economic and social policies
significantly affect the efficiency of social production. Its main elements
are: a) the practical activities of the authorities and b) various types of
legislation (the Legislation) of) financial instruments (measures, incentives),
d) economic rules and regulations (regulation of incomes and wages, controlling
the level of prices, licensing of certain activities), and e) market, industrial
and social infrastructure;) macroeconomic structural changes g) program of
privatization of state enterprises (organizations) g) commercialization
organizational structures nonproduction sphere.
. Institutional mechanisms. To continuously
improve the effectiveness of all entities in the state should establish
appropriate organizational conditions that will ensure the continuing operation
of the national, regional or sectoral levels of specific institutional
arrangements - organizations (research and training centers, institutes,
associations), their activities should focus on: 1) addressing the key problems
of increasing the effectiveness of various industrial and economic systems and
the economy as a whole, 2) the practical implementation of the strategy and
tactics of the national economy at all levels of government.
. Infrastructure. An important prerequisite for
the growth performance of enterprises (organizations) have a sufficient level
of development of a network of different institutions and market industrial and
economic infrastructure. Today all business structures using the services of
innovation funds and commercial banks, stock exchanges (Commodity, stock and
labor) and other market infrastructure institutions.impact on the productivity
of the enterprise produces proper development of industrial infrastructure
(communications, specialized information systems, transportation, trade, etc.).
Crucial to the effective development of all structural elements of the economy
is the presence of a broad network of social infrastructure.
. Structural changes in society also affect the
performance at different levels of management. The most important are the
structural changes in the economic and social issues. Chief among them occur in
the following areas: a) technology, research and development, followed by
revolutionary breakthroughs in many areas of knowledge (the proportion of
domestic and imported technology), b) the composition and technical level of
fixed assets (capital), c) the scale of production and activities (mainly
deconcentration through the creation of small and medium enterprises and
organizations), d) model of employment in various production and non-production
areas, and e) the composition of staff by gender, education, training,
etc..skillful use of the system of these factors can provide sufficient growth
performance. This binding regardless of external factors is not as stiff as
internal factors.
Conclusions to Section 5
of financial performance is
reflected in the financial results achieved. To determine the financial results
of the company for the period necessary to compare the earnings of the
reporting period and the expenses incurred to obtain these revenues.of the
company - is to increase the economic benefits in the form of assets or income
reduction commitments that lead to increased equity (excluding capital growth
by contributions from owners). Losses company - monetary expression reduction
or loss of economic benefits that lead to a decrease in equity . primary
financial results is its profit, sometimes replacing the income. In addition to
these absolute indicators to assess the financial condition of applying a
number of relative parameters and coefficients.is the main financial source of
enterprise development, scientific and technical improvements in its resource
base and production of all forms of investment. It is a source of taxes. The
company has formed four indicators of profit, which varies considerably in
size, economic content and functional purpose.
Conclusion
- an independent entity established
by the competent authority or local government, or other entities to meet the
social and personal needs through regular production, research, trade, and
other economic activities in the manner prescribed by the Commercial Code of
Ukraine and other laws.main factors of production efficiency - is raising its
technical level, improving management, production and labor, changes in the
volume and structure of production, improve the quality of natural resources
and others.the ways to improve the efficiency of the enterprise are two ways of
raising the above indicators - institutional, technological and resource.in
conclusion, summarized in this paper can reiterate some points.are the main
element. Where is the market transformation of the economy. It is an industrial
and technological, organizational and economic unity.important component of
enterprise performance, and hence its significant reserve increase, is the
organization of the production process. In the specific context of enterprise
should analyze all aspects that determine the effectiveness of work - on the
level of workplace individual worker or specialist to the level of the whole
enterprise. For manufacturing firms, taking into account, of course, the
specifics of their activities, special attention should be paid to the
possibility of more efficient types of production (mass, large-scale).the
analysis of the efficiency of the labor potential of the company, it is
necessary to focus on the following aspects: loss of time, loss of working time
due to staff turnover, the level of use of mechanization and automation of
labor and computer equipment; analysis of incentives for employees, the
definition of professional qualification structure of employees., solving these
problems requires a comprehensive program of development and economic
restructuring. The main elements of this program should be good tax system to
stimulate the development of enterprises. But we should not forget that such a
process requires appropriate desire and political will of the heads of our
state.yet, despite these and many other problems that hinder the development of
Ukraine's economy, there are some positive changes as a result of which is the
gradual adaptation of people to the market economy.
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